Golden Age, January 30, 1924

Download: PDF — Golden Age, January 30, 1924

Contents of the Golden Age

Social and Educational Maw, Wonderful Mak!

Peace Songs m Chxldkn

An Experience with a Catholic Infant Home

Eye Accidents in Mew York City

Political—Domestio and Foreign International Aspect® or Prohibition

Nassau the Shameless

War Not Impossible

Smashing Blow to Hypocrisy

Is ths United States a Cnurwr Nation?

Rome Hungry fob Monet

Agriculture and Husbandry Bees and Apiculture

Races of Bees

Modern Apiary Equipment

- Science and Invention

JIABNE88KD AlB

Cleaning Cara with Sand

Home and Health Canning Whole Wheat

In the Years that Abe Gone

The First Settler's Story (Poem)

Travel and Miscellany Social Life or the Zulus..............•

Religion and Philosophy Answer® from the Street

“Peace, Be Still!" (Poem)

A Note to Mr. Brisbane

Getting Back to Baal Worship.............

The Cook ob the Book—Which?

Tolstoy's Worldly Wisdom

The World War Aftermath

Mr. Edison's Quaint Wisdom

Studies in “The Harp or God"

Published every other Wednesday at 18 Concord Street, Brooklyn, N. YM U. S. A^ by WOODWORTH, HUDGINGS A MARTIN

Copartner* and Proprietors Addrets.* 19 Concord Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.t U.S.A* rr.trrnK J. WOODWORTH . . . Editor ROBERT J. MARTIN . Business Mana®* C. Bl STEWART .... Assistant Editor WM. F. HUDGINGS . . Sec’y and Tree* Fin Cists a Copy—11.00 a Ybab Mak® Remittances to THE GOLDEN AGE yOBBiav Omens: BritUA.....34 Craven Terrace, Lancaster Gate. London W. 3

Canadian ......... 88*40 Irwin Avenue, Toronto, Ontario

■ Anetrataeian.......496 Collins Street, Melbourne, Australia

SontA A/Ftoms......6 LeLle Street, Cape Town, South Afrton

Itotored as swonll rlass aattw at Brooklyn N.Y.., under the Act of March A 1878

Golden Age

Nuber 114

Brooklyn. N.Y,. Wednesday, January 30. 1924

International Aspects of Prohibition

ONE who looks at the world situation can hardly fail to see that Britain needs friends. The strife in Europe has destroyed her markets or reduced them to such an extent that more than a million men are chronically out of work She needs to get Europe quickly on her feet if she herself is to be able to endure the strain much longer. In that work she needs American cooperation and assistance. Lloyd George came over here pleading for that very thing; but while America listened, and applauded, and banqueted, the fact is that it has settled back into its normal life-long attitude of distrust of Britain, and as usual it is Britain's own fault.

Written large across the average American's opinion of Britain at this writing is the one word NASSAU. Every American knows what the word stands for. It is the center of Britain's liquor fleet, a fleet which has as its whole object the violation of American laws. Nassau, the capital of the Bahama Islands, lies just off the coast of Florida. From Nassau the fleet of liquor-laden schooners sets out that later lies constantly in Rum Row, up and down the coasts of New Jersey, twelve miles out at sea.

It is all very well for British newspaper writers to comfort themselves with the oft-repeated statements that these boats violating no law; but they are doing something worse. Right at the time when peace and concord are most to be desired among nations, and especially between the British and American nations, they are serving to irritate Americans extremely.

Whether other peoples admire their course or not, the American people have adopted national prohibition. If Britain had adopted prohibition, do you suppose the British Government would stand for the infestation of its shores by liquorladen boats sent there by any other nation T In no time there would be an "Order in Council" authorizing the seizure of every one of them. The 'laws" for seizing them would be found afterward, but they would be seized any way, law or no law.

In the year 1917, before prohibition was adopted in America, Nassau cleared 37,821 gallons of liquor, which represents its normal supply ; but in the year 1922, owing to the activities of the Nassau rum fleet, the number of gallons had increased to 1,340,443; in other words, twenty-nine thirtieths of Nassau's rum was being reshipped to be sold to the bootleggers that sneak out from American shores to buy of the rum fleet at night

Nassau ths Shumates

NASSAU makes no pretense of hiding the fact that its one claim to notice is its fortunate geographical position for conniving to break American laws. A booklet issued by the Nassau Development Board says:

"Since 1919 the flnucee of the Government have, largely owing to the conditions supervening in the United States early in 1920, undergone a wonderful improvement, and a total revenue for the year 1918-19 of £81,000 (involving a deficit of £17,000) was converted for the year 1921-22 into a revenue of £450,000. The revenue for 1922-23 is estimated at £626,000, and the accumulated surplus funds of the colony on March 31, 1922, were £265,314. The public debt is trifling, and is all provided for. This happy state of affairs means that the Government has comparatively large funds at its disposal for public improvements, and money is being spent on these as rapidly as possible."

If the Nassau Development Board were men of honor, with any intent of doing by their neighbors as they would like to be done by, instead of referring to the above as "this happy state of affairs" they would have styled it "this shameless and inexcusable state of affairs"; for that it what it really amounts to. They Imow where the whisky went, and so do Americans.

A Britisher who visited Nassau explains how illegal double clearance papers for ships are secured. It is all a question of graft. A captain clears with a cargo of liquor from Nassau ostensibly for the French island of St Pierre Miquelon.♦

“The captain goes out, and loafs about for tiro or three days. He then goes back and explains that his previous cargo has been discharged. He now wants a clearance for an American port in ballast 'Quick trip/ says the official with a wink, as he makes out the new documents. Equipped for emergencies, the skipper puts out If he is suspected at sea he has perfectly straightforward papers. Having sold his liquor, the ship can impudently steer her way to an American port in ballast ’rith papers to support her statement that she had sailed without cargo.”

It is the British fla& that makes nun-running possible. No American boat can carry rum in any waters, and accordingly all the liquor boats out of Nassau go away with the Union Jack fluttering at the stern. That fine sense of honor among nations by which one nation is supposed to have respect for the flag of another is turned into a base plan for helping to break American laws. Every penny made in that way is a nail in Britain’s coffin.

So great is the trade off the Jersey coast that it was reported in November, 1922, that at one time there were 100 liquor vessels lying in Bum Bow and that 35,000 cases of liquor were landed in one night on the Jersey coast. One of the staple industries of Nassau is sewing the liquor flasks into cloth jackets, for greater convenience in handling over the ship’s side in the open roadstead.

Big Boats Direct

BESIDES the liquor which is shipped into Bum Bow from Nassau there are the big vessels which sail direct from Glasgow or London to Bum Bow. They are under bond to deliver their cargoes elsewhere, but find it profitable to forfeit bonds and even to sink the ships after the cargoes are sold.

Acting as a booze merchant in Bum Bow is a dangerous business on account of American hijackers. A hijacker is another name for a pirate. Armed to the teeth a squad of hijackers will board a rum vessel and take all its rum and all its money too, and if resisted will not hesitate to take life.

On one occasion a rum schooner came back to Nassau with every man on board wearing handcuffs. The schooner had fallen into the hands of hijackers who had taken everything t]^y had and left them with handcuffed hands to make their way painfully back as best they could. The way of the transgressor is hard.

It is not only from Nassau and from the transatlantic rum carriers that Britain is get* ting rum into the United States. The province of Quebec, Canada, imported during 1921 mon whisky than had been imported in that province during the entire ten years preceding. It need hardly be added that most of this liquor finds its way into the United States. It is estimated that at least a thousand cases come across the line near Detroit every twenty-four hours.

* United States government officials have estimated that international bootleggers, as they are called, smuggle into the United States nine million gallons of intoxicants each month. Britain may know or may not know that the very powerful interests in the United States that succeeded in having prohibition adopted are circulating literature urging nothing more nor less than war between the two countries as the only way of bringing Britain to her senses. But some in Britain are beginning to think seriously on the subject and the London Daily News says:

“We cannot think that many English men and women, whatever their views on the temperance qua*’ tian, can read without a certain shame the record of these remarkable transactions. We cannot at all wonder that the majority of Americana hear it with growing indignation. The merits or otherwise of Prohibition as a policy have very little to do with the question. Hess is a law passed by the Legislature of the United States with the undoubted assent and support of the majority of Americans; and a considerable number of BriHA subjects devote their whole energies to defeating it by every artifice that craft can suggest and bold men be found to execute, sucking enormous profit out of ths enterprise, and doing it all under cover of the British flag. Technically, whisky-running to America may be as lawful at it is undoubtedly profitable: we suppose in fact, it is so far as this country is concerned. But it is not pleasant to think of the British flag being used as a mere cover for the drink smuggler, which, after all* legal or not, is what these people are."

War not Impossible

THE Anti-Saloon League, which was the direct agency that brought about prohibition in the United States, is out with a book from which we quote some belligerent passages:

“The international situation presented now as a result of the adoption of prohibition by the United States of America is far different from that presented more than a hundred years ago in America’s effort to prohibit the slave trade, since every great nation of the earth is now committed to the policy of protecting and promoting the interests of the liquor traffic, both national and international. It is self-evident, therefore, that the American foreign policy in dealing with the international smuggling of intoxicating liquors, must be a very much stronger policy than that which was required in the case of the African slave trade.

“The situation which presents itself today in small countries like Iceland, Norway, and Finland, is worthy of moat careful consideration, especially in view of the fact that the international difficulties arising in those countries in connection with the handling of the liquor problem are directly due to the fact that those countries have followed the example of the states or the federal government of the United States of America and have adopted prohibition.

“American patriotism means that the American citizen who professes and practises that virtue must be willing to promote, to fight for, to live for, and if need be to die for, those things which are recognized as fundamental and essential in American civilization. Among those great fundamentals first and foremost is the right of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, which means, the right of all men to be free and to enjoy the privileges of life and happiness whether they happen to be born in New York city, in Australia, or in India. Another one of the great fundamentals is that of popular government—government of the people, by the people and for the people, to which the signers of the Declaration of Independence pledged their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor. The very spirit of Americanism precludes the possibility of placing geographical limitations on such rights and privileges. The policy of the American Government for the last one hundred and thirty yean in its foreign relations has been to insist upon the recognition of the fundamentals of the American Constitution when such fundamentals have been espoused by small nations.

“Spain, by the use of economic weapons, has compelled Iceland to suspend her prohibition of the liquor traffic, for one year. Spain’s pressure upon Iceland in this connection was just as threatening as if she had surrounded Iceland with her warships. By this action, under threat of what practically meant starvation to the fish industry, which is the principal sustaining industry of Iceland, Spain has absolutely disregarded the right of self-determination of small nations and has compelled Iceland to accept Spanish wines against the protect of her people and the attitude of her own legislative body. There is no clearer case in modern history, of the coercion of a small nation by a larger and stronger nation.

"The same situation now threatens in the case of Norway, where national prohibition has been decreed by majority vote of the citizens of that country. France,

Spain and Portugal have abrogated their trade treaties with Norway and are demanding that the will of the Norwegian people be overridden and that the national Parliament of Norway refuse to obey the instructions of the people, under threat of national economic boycott, in the interest of French, Spanish and Portuguese wines. This action is in full harmony with the policy which has been pursued by France in other cases, one of the most outstanding of which was Finland, where prohibition, twice before adopted by the national legislative body, was defeated by French threats of economic boycott.

“H the United States Government was justified in the Monroe Doctrine to protect American governmental ideals in South and Central America in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, what about the case of Iceland, Norway and Finland in this the first quarter of the twentieth century, when these countries are struggling to uphold the ideals represented in that portion of our sacred charter known as the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution ? If the Monroe Doctrine was justified in its day, and if the consistent foreign policy of the United States Government from the days of Washington down to the present time has been justified, then the hour has already struck for a new declaration and a new application of an old principle in American foreign relations, for the protection of the new ideals which the American people have incorporated into fundamental law.”

The foregoing passages are nicely stated, but their meaning*is not at all obscure. They mean to convey the idea that the United States should not hesitate to face a whisky world in arms in order to defend its prohibition policy, not only on its own shores but even in Iceland, Norway, or Finland. We may add that Poland is also mentioned in the book, it having recently adopted prohibition. Russia is not mentioned; but Russia has been dry as a bone for many years.

MAN, generally, has been in the dark; he has been experimenting with imperfect tools and materials; his knowledge has been limited to his environment But romance, curiosity and adventure have sent him over hills and mountains, through valleys and quicksands, across deserts and seas—combating wild beasts, wild men, disease and starvation. In the conquest he has erected a commercial and political structure which has become topheavy. He has not been staying "within the bounds of established facts.” But a better day is coming. Experimentation gives place to reality. Christ's kingdom is the long-looked-for dominion in which the desire of all nations shall come.

Man, Wonderful Maul (A Satire) By F. C. Benjamin

MAN, Wonderful Man! Supreme ruler of the universe and vicegerent of the heavens (f )> thy achievements are indeed wonderful (1). When one stops long enough in this day and age to look back to the beginning^ as taught by many, and then follows the steps of man up through the ages to the present, we must admit that his achievements ask wonderful Then as one follows him on into the future that he has 'prepared Sot ia cftxtainly beyond

comprehension to fully appreciate and understand his greatness, and one can but exclaim: Man, Wonderful Man! He not only makes the earth his footstool, but towers among the planets, and rests his palm on the moon.

Man has destined himself not only to build up, improve manage and control this universe, but to build up other vast universes for himself, far greater and more glorious than any work he has here achieved or attempted

Consider the foundation and commencement of man, as he sometimes explains it; and follow his jumps from inorganic to organic substance, from jelly-fish, flying-fish, hop-toad, and on through the fishes and reptiles, changing himself from a cold-blooded reptile to a warm-blooded animal, doing such cunning little tricks as picking the eyes out of cocoanuts and drinking the fluid for life sustenance, suspending himself by his long flexible tail, and proving it all by the fact that some of him are doing it yet

And then by a simple little twist of the wrist —no, of the hips—he again revised his bone construction, discarded his tail, stood and walked erect, lived in caves and cliffs instead of tree-tops, and later built mud-huts; and now he lives in mansions of stone, cement, brick and steel of his own construction.

Having acquired and developed speech, which he now flashes around the world in seconds, he rides under the depths and through the air at will. Yet man has left no trail that he can follow positively to the source of his commencement as taught by many of the intelligent (?), both in and out of his schools and colleges.

Taking all the numerous accomplishments that man has acquired into consideration, with such a beginning, is it vain to contemplate his aspirations and ultimate destination 1 He expects to make an angel of himself, to pass through space at the rate of a billion miles or more a second, to alight on the banks of silver-lined clouds, to thrum golden harps, to discourse sweet music and to remodel himself (again), into such a glorious thing that everything else will hail him as the supreme thing that built himself from mud-puppy to the great conqueror and supreme product of all creation.

Vain and glorious, wonderful maul what an achievement! And well may all bow low to thee; for hast not thou done all this of thyself, as well as built a whole universe of hell-fire and brimstone, a place of eternal torment for thy fellow man who may not have believed thy bombast, or have paid tribute to thy lust, or been quite so fortunate in building himself to thy high estate!

Man, wonderful man 1 Look at the generosity, love, wisdom, and consideration that individual man has developed for the good of his fellow man! Collectively there are millions of him; and has he not selected his own kith, kin, and creed from this vast horde of beggars and sinners to enjoy the future glory and power he has provided and ordained for himself! Has he not also provided an everlasting warm place for his less fortunate (!) fellow man, that he also may have everlasting life (in torment) and “not surely die” like a yellow dog! Man, wonderful mant To have been so considerate for thy life-servant who has provided the wherewithal to supply thy wants but made such a blooming failure in endeavoring to lift himself out of the slime and mire that Inst for temporal power here caused him to live in; such kindness, such love! Wonderful! (Better had the poor dubb remained a mud-puppy.)

Is there any place of honor, or power, or throne that man's ambition and selfishness will not attempt to usurp and occupy! Can there be anything that man will not achieve! Will not man’s egotism always dominate! An inorganic substance that had no beginning but just lifted himself by his own efforts out of the slimy depths, that just naturally were, into the silver-lined clouds, that also just naturally are, surely can have no limits. Man, wonderful man! Where is thine equal!

Thou most vain, egotistical, ambitious, selfish, tyranical, pompous, inglorious sinner of all creation, well it is that thou art instructed to remove the beam from thine own eye before attempting to remove the mote from thy brother's eye. Thou hast builded temples of glory for thine own covering, and prison houses of torment for thy fellow mam

Thou hast harnessed the horse, the ox, the ass, the dog, the goat and the flivver to thy will Thou hast built thyself a calf of gold, and enslaved and debased thy fellow man for thy worldly profit. Thou hast charged usury, and formed customs that are an abomination. All this hast thou done, and stood brazenly before thine own altar and demanded that thou be worshiped.

Man, wonderful man! Thine inconsistency is incomprehensible. Thou hast in thine imagination created affliction and distress and the whole universe of eternal damnation for all that will not pay tribute to thy selfish greed and grant thee powers that thou hast claimed and attempted to usurp.

Man, wonderful man! “Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? Declare, if thou hast understanding. Who hath laid the measures thereof, if thou knowestT or who hath stretched the line upon it? Whereupon are the foundations thereof fastened? or who laid the corner stone thereof? . . . Hast thou commanded the morning since thy days; and caused the dayspring to know his place? . . . Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion? . . . Who hath put wisdom in the inward parts? or who hath given understanding to the heart? . . . Have the gates of death opened unto thee? or hast thou seen the doors of the shadow of death?*'

Man, wonderful man The vanity of thy egotism is apparent; “for shall the work say of him that made it, He made me not? or shall the thing framed say of him that framed it, He had no understanding?**

“Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD; though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool. Ir ye be willing and obedient, ye shall eat the good of the land.**

Smashing Blow to Hypocrisy

UNDER the above title the Trenton Evening Times, of last November 7th, goes after the preachers for meddling in politics in that community. There is getting to be more and more disrespect for the men of the cloth, and deservedly so. They have not enough of their own business to take care of, and so they must busybody. The Bible has become to them a dry, uninteresting book. They see nothing in it; so they must busy themselves with something else. The preachers wanted to close everything down tight on Sundays: Play houses, amusement parks, baseball, etc.—everything except bootlegging, as the prohibition issue did not enter into the election to any appreciable extent

The Republicans have about 5,000 majority in the county normally. The preachers backed by the Trenton Council of Churches fixed the platform and helped to select candidates for the winning side. But this time the winning side lost in practically a clean sweep for the Democrats, as against the preacher ring. In the above mentioned article it says:

“Trenton ia not to have the gloomy old-fashioned Puritanical Sunday, after all. By a two-to-one vote the sane people of this community have entered their emphatic protest against the parading of Hypocrisy and Intolerance, disguised in the. livery of God/’ “Of course there is not the slightest danger of Trenton having a Continental Sunday—that is, a wide-open European let-down. But the voters want decent relaxation for the poor as well as the rich. Clergymen who substitute politics for religion in their sermons might as well recognise the fact that they cannot force their peculiar kind of narrow morals on the people at large.” “The Trenton Tunas frankly believes that every decent means should be taken to give the people at large a chance for a lees stupid Sunday. And certainly there is no more harm in professional baseball than in golf or automo-biling or scandal-mongering, or the other active Sunday recreations of so many of the Pharisees.” The Times says further: “If some statesman only had the courage to force the proper regulation of the use of alcohol, there might bo a return to the sane reforms that were under way when the hired fanatics [preachers] put over the present crime-provoking scheme [prohibition]/*

When people begin to think for themselves, it is a healthy sign. Too long the Cloth has done the thinking, the advising, the leading into darkness. A sorry day it will be for the preacher when his job is gone—when his stewardship is taken away; and he will say: “I cannot dig; to beg I am ashamed.**—Luke 16: X

Peace Songs for Children By Alice Park

T*1ISARMING the nursery of military toys U which teach young children their first lessons in war, and which therefore make the deepest and most lasting impression upon their minds, has been widely recommended by international peace organizations and by teachers of young children, as well as by parents.

There are other nursery influences as dangerous as toy guns. It is high time to disarm the nursery and school of military songs. The influence of such songs is as deep and as lasting as that of military toys.

First impressions are hard to uproot But the songs about army and navy forever, and bombs bursting in air, are so familiar to all that many people fail to recognize their true character as lessons in wholesale murder and delight in warfare.

The earliest song the writer remembers is the song the French girl Jeannette sings to her soldier lover Jeannot, as he leaves for the war. Its last lines are:

"Oh, if I were Queen of France, • Or, still better, Pope of Home, Pd have no fighting men abroad, No weeping maids at home I All the world should be at peace;

Or if kings must show their might,'

Then let those who ma1- the quarrels

Be the only ones to ;

Yes, let those who make the quarrels Be the only ones to fight.” "

When anyone wishes to arrange a program for peace exercises for schools, it is extremely; difficult to find appropriate songs in the ordinary books. The demand has been for war songs, and therefore the books fit the demand. A new demand for peace songs will result in their creation and eventually in familiarity with them. '

As admiration for war and for those who fight has been deliberately and systematically cultivated, so now peace education may be intel* ligently and profitably cultivated.

Music has always been recognized as stimulating to the emotions and so to action. It has been used in all countries to allure and to stir soldiers, and even to prepare the future generation to be soldiers.

Songs can be used and should be used to teach all children a belief in peace, the benefits of peace, the human happiness of peace, as well as an enthusiasm for peace and individual pledges to live for peace.

Is the United States a Christian Nation? By Chas. Henry East

“Nov the Lord is that Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is ubkhty.”—St Poul

WITH the introduction of 2 Corinthians 3:17 (as above) I would like to call attention to an incident which occurred during 1921. That prince of humorists—and at the same time logician—George Bernard Shaw, on being invited to the United States replied in this fashion:

"No! I know when I am safe; and that is out of America. You remember what I made the kaiser say In my war play: ‘The statue of Liberty is in its proper place—on Liberty's tomb.’ Was I wrong? What a country! Afraid of Debs and proud of Dempsey I It’s too silly.”

The English poet, William Watson, thinking along the same line, writes:

"Proud thing of fame, How strange at last thy doom;

Liberty’s image—

Left to adorn hef tomb.”

So Englishmen ridicule American liberty I I have before me as I write a thirty-two-page pamphlet, a page for a prisoner, which someone has sent me. The pamphlet is styled <fPub-lic Opinion1’ and contains over sixty editorials from the daily press, secular and religious magazines, advocating the release of the thirty-two political prisoners who until recently were held in Leavenworth penitentiary and who were sentenced under the infamous Espionage Act, long since suspended until the next war.

Knowing that The Golden Age has been a consistent pleader for the release of politicals —though, of course, for broader humanitarian and Christian reasons—I decided that if you would permit me I would like to set down these facts, and also some figures that have come to my attention.

Interesting Figures on Mentality

THE figures that I have reference to are Army records which show the mental status of the men of the army at the time they were called into service. According to Dr. William J. Mayo's figures the result of the mental examination shows the following:

Class A men, mental age 18 or over, 4.1% or 150,000 Class B men, " ” 16 to 18 8.0% or 300,000

Class C plus, " 33 14 to 16 15.2% or 540,000

Class C, * * 13 to 14 25.0% or 750,000

Class C minus, ” " 11 to 13 23.0% or 600,000

Class D, 99 ” 9 to 11 17.0% or 450,000

Class D minus, " h 7 to 9 7.7% or 210,000

100.0% 3,000,000

Mr. Edward A. Lincoln, himself an army examiner, writing in The Nation for November 7, commenting on the army reports, says:

"There is a chapter in this report which deals with . military offenders, and in this chapter may be found the intelligence records made by the conscientious objectors who were confined in the army prison at Leavenworth. These records, shown in the accompanying table, indicate that the religious and political objectors stand out intelligently as a separate race. 'A’ grades were three times as frequent among the religious objectors as the general run of the draft army, and among the political objectors the A* grades were ten times as frequent.

In grades also these groups show thenuefas far superior to their fellows in the army: Grade *B* Grade ‘A*

WhiiA draft army 8.0% 4.1%

Religious objectors . . 15.1% 12.8%

Political objectors - . 13.2% 89.3%

"In their education there is also an indication at the superiority of the conscientious objectors as shown by the following:

High School College College White draft army, graduate graduate poet-graduate

native born 4.1% Ll% 0.1%

Religious objectors 5.3% 1.5% 1-5%

Political objectors 9.2% 2.2% 2.2%

"Here was a group of men, small to be sure, but endowed with superior mental ability, and possessed of superior education. Their qualifications were such that we should have looked to them for guidance and leadership; yet their lot was persecution, imprisonment, torture, and even death.”

In view of these facts and figures, why did this Government keep these men in prison over five years 7 Would a Christian nation hard-heartedly hold them in prison year after year, deaf to all appealsl

In answer I would repeat a Scripture text and add another: "Now the Lord is that Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is ubebty”; and "If any man have not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of his."

Bees and Apiculture By H. e. Coffey

HONEY-BEES are insects belonging to the order Hymenopterck Their body is supported by an external skeleton of horny substance, called chitine, covered with hairs which serve as organs of touch. The body of the bee is divided into three sections: The head; the thorax, bearing the wings and legs; and the abdomen, containing the honey-sack, stomach, bowels, and main breathing organs.

The bee has five eyes. On each side of the head is a large composite eye made up of 6,300 six-sided facets. These two composite eyes enable the bee to see objects at a long distance and easily to find its way home. The three small ocelli, Maurice Girard of Paris claims, are for use inside the hive and to enable the bee to distinguish objects at short distances.

The lungs of the bee consist of aerial tubes, mostly in the abdomen. By means of valvular muscles the amount of air which these tubes contain can be regulated and thus the insect can control its specific gravity. Before flying the bee takes in a certain amount of air.

The blind naturalist, Francois Huber, of Geneva, discovered that bees feel, smell and hear through their antennae. For a more complete description of the organs of the bee the reader is referred to any of the many works on the anatomy of the honey-bee.

Three Kinds of Bees in a Colony .

BEES do not live alone but in colonies or hives. During the Summer season there will be found three kinds of bees in the normal colony: The drone or male bee; the queen or

female bee; and the worker bee or sterile female.

The drones are larger than the worker bees, and when in the air make a loud and distinct noise. They do not sting. It takes only 2,000 of them to make a pound, while it takes, according to L'Abbe Collin, 5,100 worker bees to make a pound. A good colony may contain 60,000 bees.

The drones are very hearty eaters and usually void their dejections in the hive. The worker bees retain theirs until on the wing. Before the coming of Winter the worker bees drive all the drones from the hive; and since they are not allowed to reenter, they soon die of starvation. This sounds not unlike the driving of Adam from the garden of Eden.

The queen is long and slender, and is easily recognized since she is so different from any other bees in the colony. Except in rare instances only one queen will be found in a hive. During the breeding season a good queen will lay and deposit eggs to the number of 3,500 per day.

Mr. Dadant of Illinois observed a queen lay six eggs in a minute. If a hen could be made to do this it would take a ravenous eater to keep up with her. It takes twenty-one days for the bees’ eggs to hatch and develop into full-grown bees. Therefore a strong colony will, in a good season, have 73,500 cells occupied with brood. It takes 90,000 queen eggs to occupy a cubic inch; and these weigh 270 grains.

* Thus a good queen deposits every day between six and nine grains of rich tissue-forming matter. Assuming that she lays only six grains of eggs per day, this would mean that she lays twice her own weight each day, or more accurately four times, since half her weight was eggs to begin with. Proof of the above was made by Cheshire years ago.

Whenever our poultry experts succeed in perfecting a hen that can equal the queen bee, then there will never be any more danger of a food shortage. This may be accomplished in earth’s new day, the Golden ago.

The queen lays two kinds of eggs, fertilized and unfertilized. The former egg produces the worker or queen, while the latter produces the male bee only. Proof of this has been determined by microscopic examination. None of our soientifio men have been able to explain how this can be done; hence I will leave this puzzle for the ancient worthies to unravel in the near future, when they are resurrected.

The queen may live and do good work for four years, which is a long span compared with the average life of the worker, which lives only three weeks during the honey flow. In poetic language Romaine Van de Poele has described the toilsome lot of the queen, which takes away some of its legendary charm:

"Workers, O sisters, striving near, Envy not me whom ye serve here, Queen but in name. A slave, I fill The endless cradles of your will. Proudly I soared up to the sun, And with my lover bold was one. But for that rapturous moment I Burdens must bear, and prisoner die. Ton may fare forth to nectar sip On many a soft and bloomy lip; May rest on many a golden heart, Causing its flow'ry dreams to start. Workers, O sisters, striving near, Envy not me whom ye serve here. Queen am I none; I strive to fill The endless cradles of your will, No more the blue, where you take flight, Only my dreams and endless night.”

Every worker could have developed into a queen had it been given the privilege. After the worker larvee are three days old, the nurse bees begin feeding them a coarser food than that given the queen larva. This delays their growth five days.

The worker bee does all the work to be done in a beehive. She gathers the honey, builds comb as needed, carries the water, nurses the young, attacks and drives away enemies, and in warm weather keeps a steady current of air flowing both in and out of the hive to keep down the temperature; and in winter, also, she must keep the temperature normal Thus in the beehive the "women” (workers) do all the work, while the "men” (drones) do nothing but loaf around and eat

The worker bee is very self-sacrificing. She will starve to death herself before she will let the queen starve. In a number of instances where hives have become short on stores in the Spring the queen alone has been found alive. In proof of this I quote from the London Quarter^ Review;

*A hive hating early exhausted its stores was found • . . one morning. . . . The comb was empty, and the only symptom of life was the poor queen herself, 'unfriended, melancholy, slow/ crawling over the honeyless cells, a sad spectacle of the fall of bee-greatness. Marius among the ruins of Carthage—Napoleon at Fontainebleau—was nothing to this."

Races of Bees

Thomas Jetfersox in his "Notes on Virginia" claims that the honey-bee is not a native of Arnmna- Tradition holds that it was brought from Europe; but when and by whom is not known. When John Eliot translated the Bible into the language of the aborigines of North America, he could find no words to express the terms honey and wax.

Bees were imported into Florida previous to 1763, and appeared in Kentucky in 1780, and in New York in 1793. These bees are the same as the common bee of Europe and come under the scientific term, Apis Mellifica. They are black or grayish in color. They are found in Central Europe and throughout America. However, these bees are being fast supplanted by the Italian bee—Apis Ligustica.

Italian bees were first imported to another country by Captain Baldenstein of Switzerland. These bees were first imported into America in 1859 by Mr. Wagner and Mr. Bichard Colvin, of Baltimore, who secured them from Dzizeron's apiary in Austria. The Italian bee is much more industrious and easier handled than the black bee.

The Carnolian bee was introduced into this country in 1884. It has not become very widely distributed, although it is said to possess many good traits. A stingless bee is said to exist in Mexico and South America. Mr. Benton once tried to import from India some giant bees which he claims build their comb five to six feet in length and from three to four feet wide. Other races of bees are the Caucasians, Banats, Tunisians, Egyptians, Cyprians, and Syrians.

Bees Will Sting

THE bee might easily take first place as the universal favorite among insects if it could be rid of one bad habit, that of stinging. The gentle race of Italian bees rarely sting if properly approached and handled. The experienced bee-man may go through a whole season without being stung.

However, there are times when bees sting worse than at other times: During a dearth of nectar, when robbing gets started in the apiary, when it is damp and cloudy, and early in the Spring. Bees seem to sting some people more than others. Those who are afraid of bees and who stand at a good distance from the hive are more liable to be stung than is the one who is opening the hive. The old English writer, Butler, gives some good advice to those who handle bees. He says, quoting from "Columella":

“If thou wilt have the favor of thy bees, that they sting thee not, thou must avoid such things as offimd them: thou must not he unchaste or uncleanly; for impurity and sluttiness (themselves being most chaste and neat) they utterly abhor; thou must not come among them smelling of sweat (this is important), or having a stinking breath. ... Thou mart not come puffing or blowing among them, neither hastily etir among them, nor resolutely defend thyself when they seem to threaten thee; but softly move thy hand btdan thy face, gently put them by."

The name writer nays further:

"If you want to catch any of the bees, make a Wd sweep at them with your hand; and if you catch them without pressing them, they will not sting. I have so caught three or four at a time. If you want to do anything to a single bee, catch him 'as if you loved him/ between your finger and thumb, where the tail joins to the body, and he cannot hurt you."

This writer neglected to mention that the bee cannot sting so long as the breath is held; for this closes the pores of the skin. If there is a "doubting Thomas" among my readers lei him try it

A horse when assailed by bees is often killed. Mr. Chas. Dadant says that “instead of running away, like other animals, it will plunge and kick until it falls overpowered." "We know/7 he says further, "of a horse, which happened to be loose in a bee-yard, that was attacked by a few bees. In trying to defend himself against them by kicking and rolling he upset one hive and then another, till tens of thousands of bees assailed him; and the poor animal was stung to death before his owner could come to the rescue." The horse might have lived if proper treatment had been administered.

Mr. Chalon Fowls, of Ohio, had a horse stationed among the hives. He began to plunge and kick; and before Mr. Fowls could get to him the horse was literally covered with stings. He unhitched and led the animal away, and called for a boiler of hot water. Cloths wrung from this hot water were applied to the trembling horse; and Mr. Fowls says that in a few moments his agony was relieved. Soon the horse was as well as ever.

To show the value of bees in defensive warfare Della Rocca tells of how a small corsair equipped with only forty or fifty men was pursued and overtaken by a Turkish galley. As the Turks boarded her the sailors threw some beehives from the masts down into the galley. The Turks were defenseless against the bees, while the men of the corsair were equipped with masks and gloves and easily took possession of the galley.

It is said that once when Amurat, emperor of Turkey, was besieging Alba, he ordered the Janissaries, his bravest troops, to clear a breach, which had been made in the wall, of some beehives. The troops refused.

The queen bee rarely if ever stings. However, there are exceptions to almost all rules, as the following quotation from Mr. W. A. H. Gilstrap of California proves:

*Once a very young virgin queen that stung me was well developed and later proved to be a good queen for business. The other virgin, also very young, that stung ma was from a good-looking cdL"

In the dawning New Era we may expect the bee to lose the desire to sting; and then the saying will be: "O Bee, where is thy sting!”

Modem Apiary Equipment

THE modern bellows bee smoker, invented by

Quinby, has aided wonderfully in the development of modern apiculture. With it the most irritable colony of bees can be frightened into submission. The smoke causes them to gorge with honey, and a full bee like a full man is not inclined to fight Bees can also be frightened by a carbolized sheet placed over the hive.

The modem beehive was the invention of L. 1^. Langstroth, a Congregationalist minister. He was granted a patent to his invention; but subsequent infringements and lawsuits deprived him of all the profits from the invention. Mr. L&ngstroth’s constructive work in bee culture, I am sure, overbalances all the negative results of his preaching. (Some of the intelligent ministers, as he, would no doubt make good bee-keepers; but many of the more stupid type who cannot yet distinguish between the Father, the Son and the holy spirit would doubtless accomplish more as agrarian swains.)

The modern beehive is so constructed that each comb can be removed without disturbing any of the other combs of the hive. The lower compartment of the hive is called the brood chamber. The surplus honey which the colony produces is stored in the upper story above the brood nest. All the bees may be removed from this super by means of a bee escape being placed between it and the brood nest in the evening and left there until morning.

Comb foundation, which was invented by Johannes Mehring, of Germany, enables the apiarist to force the bees to build straight combs in the frame hive. Recently aluminum honeycomb has been placed on the market to take the place of foundation. It possesses many advantages over wax honeycomb in that it will not melt down in warm weather; it cannot be destroyed by web-works; it saves the bees much labor, as it takes about ten pounds of honey; to make a pound of wax; it prevents the rearing of drones, eta

In 1865 Major de Husckka of Dolo, Italy, invented "ZZ Smelatore," the honey-extractor. This is a machine which separates the honey from the comb by centrifugal force after the cappings have been removed by a knife. After passing through the machine the combs may ba returned to the bees to be refilled. This saves them an immense amount of labor, and enables them to produce much more honey than where they are compelled to build a new set of combs each time the honey is taken from them.

Since the advent of the honey-extractor beekeepers are enabled to produce honey by the ton and to sell it at only a few cents a pound.

Many less essential inventions than the foregoing have been placed on the market. Some of them are: The wax press, the capping melter, the electric wire imbedder, the steam and eleo-trie uncapping knife, the solar wax extractor, the bee veil, and the swarm catcher.

Honey Production .

WITH the modern inventions of our day bee-keeping has become a profitable commercial pursuit. Our census reports and the other statistics which we have at hand are not reliable in giving us an accurate idea of the extent of bee-keeping over the world. It ia known, however, that there are over 4,000,000 colonies of bees in the United States, worth something over $10,000,000. Interest in this pursuit is steadily increasing everywhere.

Texas leads as a honey-producing state; but since Mr. J. S. Harbison introduced bees into California in 1857, the industry has made immense strides there. At that time he took 116 colonies from Pennsylvania by way of the Panama railroad to Sacramento. He lost six colonies, but was able to find a ready sale at $100 per colony for those which he did not wish to keep.

The late Mr. E. W. Alexander, of Delanson, N. Y., kept 700 colonies in one apiary. This is the largest apiary in the world; and in a good season Mr. Alexander has harvested 70,000 pounds of honey from it. Mr. Kirkpatrick harvested 1,320 pounds of honey from eleven colonies, all of which they stored in eleven days. Last year in South Dakota Mr. Morgan made an average of 616 sections (one pound eachJT from his apiary, Spring count.

We can appreciate better the immense amount of work these figures represent when we learn that one bee must make 55,000 round trips to bring one pound of honey to the hive, and that this pound of sweet represents the collected nectar from more than 600,000 separate blossoms.

How Increase is Matte *

IN YEARS past the bee-keeper made increase by allowing his bees to swarm. Hiving these swarms was often difficult Once a Mr. Poolkes, of Louisiana, had a swarm settle on a high Hmb of a tree. He placed a hive under the limb and used his shotgun to dislodge them. Accidentally a shot hit the queen's wing, clipping it; and she fell to the ground with the swarm, and was hived.

There is a superstition that the beating of tin-pans will make a swarm settle. However, this is like many other false suppositions and deserves with the hellfire and other such superstitions to be dropped from the memory of man.

The bee-keeper now prevents his bees from swarming by giving them sufficient room and ventilation. The combs are also examined for queen cells in the Spring, and these are pinched off. Where the apiarist wishes to increase the number of his colonies he may divide them by the Pellett method, the Alexander method, the shake-swarming method, or by some other modern way. _

Queen-iieaHiia « Separate Pursuit

ALONG with the increase in honey produo tion has come an increase in queen-rearing.

The honey producer, as a rule, is too busy to rear his own queens, and hence purchases them from a large breeder at one dollar each, in most cases. Every other year he re-queens his colonies so as to insure that each colony has a strong and vigorous queen.

Last year the Stover Apiaries, of Mississippi, reared 17,000 queens; and there are other breeders throughout the United States who produce like numbers. These queens are reared in small nuclei hives about one-third as large as the standard hive. After they have mated in these hives and have begun laying, they are ready to ship.

For shipment the queens, with about twelve worker bees, are placed in a small mailing cage which contains queen-cage candy, made from honey and sugar. If the worker bees were not placed with the queen, she would die in a few hours. Queens have been sent in mailing cages from Boston to Chinn., and from Italy to Hamilton, Illinois, and other places.

Honey producers in the North often want bees as well as queens, and the nuclei and pound package business has developed along with the queen business. Mr. Ault, of Texas, ships thousands of pounds of bees each year to his cus-•ujmers Vn Sine 'Sux'Sn esA \n ksA.

other Southern breeders are finding this busi- & ness profitable. Bees usually sell for three dollars per pound.

jDteeoses and Other Enemies of Bees _

THE bee in some localities has never been affected by disease, but in many localities foul brood has wrought havoc to the industry and practically destroyed many large apiaries. Dr. White, of Washington, discovered that there are two kinds of foul brood—American and European. American is the more difficult to cure; and in order to rid an apiary of it, all the brood of the colony in which it exists must be destroyed. European foul brood may be cured by removing the queen from the colony until time has been given to clean the combs of all dead larva.

In the warm region of Italy lice are found on bees. In New Zealand nd other parts of the world bees have been a icked by a paralysis often called the Isle of \ ?ht disease. Where colonies are weak they may succumb to the attacks of the bee-moth, which burrows into their combs and destroys them.

Where the entrance to the hive is too large, mice sometimes enter and do much damage. Very few birds are fond of bees; but the kingbird is said to devour them by the scores. The garden toad has often been observed eating bees. Bears are fond of honey, and often destroy beehives to obtain their favorite sweet. A Muscovite ambassador to Rome relates the following amusing incident:

"A neighbor of mine in searching in the woods for honey, slipped down into a great hollow tree, and there sank into a lake of honey up to the breast.

“After he had been there two days a bear came to the rescue. To get the honey the bear lowered himself into the tree. The man grabbed the bear, and frightened the animat

“The man held on; and the bear pulled, until with main force he had drawn the man out of the mire; and then being let go, away he trotted, more afraid than hurt, leaving the smeared swain in a joyful fear.”

Ants often frequent around beehives, but except in tropical countries they rarely do any damage.

Honey (the Original Sweet) Ite Food Value

CENTURIES before the first sugar refinery was built, Jacob sent to his unrecognized son, the chief ruler of Egypt, some honey together with some other items. (Genesis 43:11) The phrase, “a land Sowing with milk and honey/* is frequently used in the old Testament

(Exodus S':8, 17; 13:5; Deuteronomy 6:3; 11:9; 27:3; Joshua 5;6, etc.) John the Baptist, the forerunner of Jesus, lived on locusts and wild honey.—Matthew 3:4.

Many of the Egyptian tombs have been found to contain honey. In the British Museum on the sarcophagus containing the mummified remains of King Mycerinus will be found a hieroglyphic bee. The ancient Greeks were fond of honey.

Today honey is coming to be recognized as a valuable sweet It contains vitamine B, which is claimed to be a sure protection against anemia and beri-bert

When Augustus Caesar dined with Pollio Rumilius on his hundredth birthday the Emperor inquired how he preserved his vigor of mind and body. Pollio replied: "Interim melle, exterius oleo"—Internally by honey, externally by oil

Cakes made with honey will not become hard with age; for honey absorbs moisture from the air. Honey vinegar is superior to all other kinds of vinegar, including wine vinegar. In Denmark and Hanover girls having chlorosis are sent to the country to take exercise and eat honey.

This would doubtless also be a sure cure for the gout, to which many "Doctors of Divinity” are subjected. According to Mr. Woiblet washing the hands with honey-sweetened water will kill warts. The writer believes that this gentleman may be as infallible as the Pope.

Honey will no doubt be one of the perfect foods of the Golden age. When made from perfect flowers by perfect bees it will surely be the sweet of sweets.

Answers from the Street

A CORRESPONDENT of a New York paper went forth with his camera net long ago, and as he approached people he propounded this question: "Does the fear of eternal punishment deter us from wrongdoing more than manmade laws!” Those answering would then pose for the picture. The answers were about evenly divided between "yes” and "no.”

But their reasons show the great necessity for a knowledge of the truth of the Bible—not one of them setting forth the truth on the subject Perhaps, if any did approximate the truth his picture was not taken and his answer was passed by. Should we not be taught right principles so that rightdoing would be a matter of cho-ice irrespective of any present or future reward!

Teaching the desirability of righteousness shall be the great work of the Millennium; and by its close no one will refrain from wrongdoing for fear of any punishment, but he will do right, do justly, love his neighbor as himself, for the love of it, for the real pleasure he can get out of it for himself.

Harnessed Air

By W. K. Jackson

ANYONE at all interested in modern developments realizes the giant strides made during the past fifty years in invention. The •wireless, telephone, sewing machines, locomotives, aeroplanes, and other various inventions have been perfected to the degree that they are considered indispensable.

As inventions are continually being brought into operation, we look for a time when the race will be independent Some have suggested that when the Golden age opens up, they would not be surprised if man would have to work only four hours per day to accomplish his daily routine work.

We would say that four hours would be too many hours to spend in manual labor, if efforts continue to be made to lessen the amount of manual labor. An eight-hour day fifty years ago was unheard of. In fact, such a suggestion to an employer was almost an invitation for a time-check.

Foremost in the developments made during the past epoch of invention, is the wonderful uses to which the air is put We all know what miracles “harnessed electricity*' has done; but we have not given much thought to air, perhaps because it has not been called to our attention so forcibly as has elcetrieity, which has its use in our homes to such a large extent.

Those who seldom have an opportunity to see “harnessed air” in operation would perhaps enjoy knowing what wonderful things air can accomplish when put to the test. An illustration with which we are all familiar would give a good introduction to this interesting subject

Pneumatic tubes are in use in nearly every department store and in many of the smaller and exclusive stores as well, for making change, where the cashier is on the first floor and you are making a purchase on the top one.

But perhaps the tubes are better made use of in general offices and in telegraph offices. Where an office building is fourteen or fifteen stories high, the tubes are almost a necessity.

If an office located on the second story wishes to send a message to the top floor, the telephone could be used, it is true; but there would be the time consumed in getting connections, and then perhaps the message would be so long that it would take a great deal of time to give it over the phone. So what would be more convenient than to slip the message into the tube, and your party would be reading it a few seconds later!

Compressed Air Has Many Uses

THERE are many places where air is used very extensively; one of these places is at a railroad shop. Not that air is used alone, but it is used along with the many other conveniences to “carry on.”

If a person should go to a railroad shop on a visit, he would be surprised to see a “dead” locomotive put into motion by air being put into it. But this is done very often, especially when an engine has been standing outside the roundhouse for a considerable length of time, and must necessarily be brought in for repairs, or fired up to make inspection so that it can be placed in service.

Another engine can place the engine on the turntable; but after it is once on the table, and the table is set so that the engine can be placed in the roundhouse, about the only way an engine could be put into the house would be by “pinching it in” with bars, or as is usually done, by connecting an air hose to the engine, fill it with air, and then when the hose is disconnected, run the engine into the house on its own power, just as if it had steam pressure in the boiler.

If you should go into the roundhouse, you would see welders cutting through a thickness of steel by means of a good chisel inserted into an air-driven motor. Passing on a little further, you will see a boilermaker riveting some bolts on the outside of an engine with an air hammer. Previous to this he probably had cut out the old bolts by the same means, using a chisel. You might also see a machinist drilling a hole into the tank of an engine, preparatory to inserting some bolts.

Further down at the other end of the roundhouse, you might come across a crowd of men gathered around a flat car that has been brought into the house and is standing on one of the tracks, loaded with engine and tank wheels. You hear the sound of escaping steam, or what sounds as such to you; but really it is air escaping when the wheels being lifted from the car, by means of an overhead air-driven hoist, are lowered to the floor. You must keep at a safe distance from the work; for when in a railroad shop, “Safety First” is practised by alL

Leaving the roundhouse, and going to the repair track, where freight and passenger cars are given repairs, you notice an air crane loading and unloading car wheels to and from flat cars. After the wheels have been unloaded, a couple of men take a pair of them and push them down to a crossover track and stop, one of the men going over to a post, opening an air valve. The wheels being immediately over an air jack, it raises and lifts them from the ground, so that the other man can turn them and 'Tine" them up with the crossover track he intends to use, after which the air is released and the wheels come down on the track and can be rolled to the end of the track.

Going down the track further, you see some men working on a coach. The coach has been placed directly over a pit which houses an immense air jack, used to lower wheels removed from coaches, without making it necessary to jack up the car. The old ones then can be repaired and replaced, or new ones applied.

A little further on a man is boring a hole through a plank of wood two inches thick. In less than half a minute, the hole is through, and he is starting another. This is made possible by the use of an air motor in which the motor bit is inserted.

…