Golden Age, January 31, 1923

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Jan. 31, 1923, Vol. IV, No. 88

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CONTENTS ef the GOLDEN AGE

LABOR AND ECONOMICS

■be Standard 9t Tala*.

SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL

Fourteenth Esperanto Convention_______

Eaperanto

T.ylwj Handing*

POLITICAL—DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

Vrntli Battar than Bodal-lam

Poor “Mother Armenia" 273 (ba Diarbeklr Maaaaera 275

Baiarerj tn Hlrb Plaeaa—STS

Earth'. Only Remedy

Appreciating a Labor Ger-___

eriuiumt ■

TRAVEL AND MISCELLANT

Impreselun* of Britain (II) 278 Tea. Tea. end Mor* Tea

The Manu............—_2T» The Ocean Timepiece

Mlachievou* Blundering___279 A Storm at Sea.

John Bull at Hl* Worst__280 Joy a* Erin Appear*___

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY

Th* Sona *C T-p1***1*

Who Will Load Get______________________

Bm Wiah tor Today (poem)

Stadia* in th* “Harp at Ged" ......- ,

Hbtatad aawj attar Wadaataat at IS Camta ■tract. Brooklyn, N. Y . ... (J. R. 4L

ta WOODWORTH. HUDGINGB ata MARTIN CLAPTON J. WOODWORTH.......Edttar

ROBERT J. MARTIN . . . BqrImb Manacar WM F HUDQINQfl......Bee’y and Treat,

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ahe Golden Age

) Vei— IV Brooklyn, N. Y„ Wednesday, Jan. 81. 1923 Nmbor W

The Sons of Japheth By 0. L. Bosenkrans, Jr.

WHEN Babylon, the mighty mother-city, was delivered over to the trousered, truth-telling archers of Kurush the Akhsmenian, king of Anshan and king of Persia, the ascendancy of the Japhetic stock was inaugurated on this planet. Henceforth the several futile experiments in civilization by the Semites and Hamites were to be relinquished in favor of the so-called Aryan race, which making, so to speak, a quarry out of the ancient systems, erected a more stupendous, ornate structure, utilizing much of the old material but changing the style of architecture. This structure has been repeatedly remodeled and reconstructed in part, and each time more elaborately and imposingly. The present edifice, satirically designated “ Christendom,” was condemned in 1914, and is already in process of being demolished by the wrecking crews.

We use the term Aryan with diffidence, since that scholarly myth has now generally been re-• pudiated, the modern European being considered the descendant of indigenous ethnic stocks —Nordic, Alpine, and Mediterranean, which have been mingled in varying proportions to form the existing nations. Instead of westerly migrations out of Chinese Turkestan, all the prehistoric ones of Europe seem rather to have been southward or eastward. So the intrinsic primitive racial character was not moulded by desert or steppe conditions of life, but in the dismal forests, fens, and bleak moors of the Berni-frigid north.

The primitive character was influenced profoundly, no doubt, by the long, dark winters and ■bort, quick-growing summers. That the Europe of antiquity was colder than today is attested by numerous references in ancient literature. Snow was q usual feature of Italian winters, and Roman legions marched across the ice-locked Rhine and Danube. To the Africans and Asiatics, Europe seemed like a shivery Hyperborean region, inhabited by a species of ferocious and predatory Esquimaux—a race of pale-skinned, cold-hearted giants, whose sudden alarming forays might be likened to marrowcongealing north winds, heralds of biting frosts and blinding blizzards.

Such an inhospitable country, where the conditions of life could not be otherwise than rigorous, nourished the growth, nevertheless, of a hardy, vigorous race. The stern struggle for existence eliminated weaklings and perpetuated a spirit of ruthlessness among the survivors. The European character may have indeed been indelibly impressed in these primitive days with those salient features and proclivities which have distinguished it throughout the centuries.

Perhaps the interminable, dreary winters were a school of patience, inculcating fortitude and perseverance to contend with benumbing cold and snow-drifts, reflecting from the lowering skies a prevailing somberness of spirit, tempered by gusts of sardonic humor that stimulated the soul to face grim hardship and peril undismayed. Perhaps the swift surge of the growing season, tingling in Northern blood, was responsible for those traits of invincible enthusiasm, imperturbable self-confidence, and'careless contempt for overwhelming odds so characteristic of the European—from Marathon to Omdurman.

It is not surprising that under the circumstances the northern nations were preeminently bellicose, especially since their habitat, cut up by impassible mountain ranges, intersecting rivers, and the deep indentations of a rugged coast line, peculiarly favored local autonomy and the constancy of boundaries. Clannishness would be topographically induced, and incessant feuds the normal state of affairs.

Food supplies were always precarious depending as much on the chase as on the stunted herds and rudimentary agriculture; so frugality would be cultivated, and a slender subsidence Beek to amplify itself at the expense of its

neighbors. The net result of these various contributing influences is a people notorious for insatiable rapacity, unswerving pertinacity in aggression, inflexible tenacity of purpose, unbounded covetousness, and an incorrigible propensity toward fratricide and family rows.

Yet, in spite of the intermittent discordancy of their inter-tribal relations, the Sons of Ja-pheth were acutely aware of the mutual advantages accruing from combination for predatory agression. Like wolves they sallied out in packs from their forests, and like wolves they were alert to turn on and devour one of their own crippled members. Whenever their numbers increased in excess of their country’s alimentary resources, the tribe by common consent drew together from over a wide area and started on a desperate migration into the fertile, thickly settled lands outside of their boundaries, where their intrusion was naturally resented and resisted by force of arms.

Peculiar emphasis is laid on the quality of terror, amounting almost in some cases to paralysis, inspired by these unwelcome visitations. A panic seemed to seize their better equipped and disciplined opponents; and army after army would be brushed aside after only a faint-hearted attempt at resistance, until eventually, nerved by desperation, the invaded country would make a final effort and overcome them.

One of the first recorded of these irruptions was that of the “Sea Peoples,” the Achaians and Phrygians, who, after subverting the now almost forgotten pre-Hellenic ^Egean civilization, swept down on Egypt, taxing the whole military strength of the Ramesides to stem their on-rush. After their repulse, true to form they fell out among themselves in the celebrated Trojan War. Henceforth, at periodic intervals, the civilized countries were exposed to their devastating inroads.

That.,of the Cimmerians shattered the power of Assyria, stretching it supine before the advancing Mede. The Gallic tumult was well nigh fatal to the nascent Roman sta^e. The PostAlexandrian Hellenistic kingdoms were thrown into a ferment by the interloping Galatians, who introduced-into international politics a new frightfulness, a disregard for civilized conventions. The Cimbri and Teutons, sliding down into the valleys on their shields, sent a quiver of apprehension throughout Italy; and it was the threat of a similar invasion by the Helvetians that led to Julius Cesar’s Trans-Alpine campaigns and the Latinizing of the north.

Whenever the Sons of Japheth moved down •• en masse to preempt the wheat fields, orchards, vineyards, and cities of their neighbors, their * * rear approaches required to be jealously guard- < ed against cupiditous kindred tribes, who await- ...» ed only a propitious moment when exhaustion O or cavil dissensions seemingly invited them to ~ swarm down through the passes to burn and to pillage. The external history of Rome is one long struggle to keep out the Germanic tribes; ' early medieval annals are largely a record of Norse piratical descents. As late even as Georgian times in “Merrie England” the quiet countryside was startled by the precipitate intrusion of the plaided Highland clansmen.

We have made allusion to the spell of terror which the northern barbarians imposed on the . victims of their raids. This was not exclusively a tribute to their valor, but amounted almost to abhorrence due to the barbarians’ reputation for faithlessness, shocking violations of civilized _ customs, and contempt for the most sacred human rights; to their heedless ruination of precious monuments and works of art; and to their ravenous thirst for sheer blood-letting.

All Asia was dismayed by the Persian cruelties, which greatly exceeded even the Assyrian, and especially by the wholesale unsexing of * boys. The Galatians horrified the Grecized Asiatics by rifling tombs, profaning sanctuaries, and leaving the dead unburied. The Goths heaped up the literary treasures at Athens, and , would have burned them except for the timely intercession of one of their own chiefs.

Vandal is still a synonym for wanton destructiveness. The sanguinary Vikings looted the cathedrals, butchered monks in sport, and carved their prisoners into the “blood eagle.” The cruelty of the dark races is by comparison x like the petulant mischief of children; that of the white man was almost uniformly calculated or restrained by self-interest.

It was rare indeed when cities were sacked.-.._ / that the yellow-jerkined soldado of Spain or the German lanzknecht let his homicidal impulses overbalance his judgment in the matter of loot. The Insular bowman could hardly be kept in their ranks until victory was assured, so keen -were they to be the captors of rich seigniors and captains-at-arms from whom they migM exact ransom.

Mach of the dread and aversion inspired in his adversaries by the European is ascribed to his characteristically cold, harsh visage, registering mercilessness, intolerance and greed. It is not reassuring to our self-esteem as a race to be told that other peoples are daunted by our repellant physiognomies; nevertheless explorers and missionaries who have spent long years isolated from association with their kind, have testified to this, confessing on their own part to an involuntary repugnance—a shrinking of the spirit—on once more beholding, after their return home, the inordinately wicked countenances of their fellow countrymen.

That the Sons of Japheth have merited their ill repute the pages of history offer abundant witness. The transition was easy from marauders to enslavers, exploiters, and exterminators. Such they became in the Graco-Roman world, and such they continued when their field of expansion embraced the planet. Hellenic culture glows with almost undiminished luster after many centuries; so we are apt to be unmindful of the chattel slavery at its roots, which by emancipating the citizen from drudgery permitted the cultivation of mental brilliancy.

Roman slavery was probably the most heartless variety ever perpetrated; for the prosaic and practical Roman deemed it uneconomical to cherish his human cattle. It was cheaper to work them to death and purchase fresh supplies from the itinerant slave-dealers who followed the camps, buying up war prisoners. It was considered an unsafe policy to foster an hereditary servile class, bred in captivity, and poor business to raise slave children when they could be bought full-grown. Men, as of more robust physique than women, could stand the most punishment; so men always predominated among the slaves.

The Roman was an inimitable organizer, but he consolidated the world to facilitate its exploitation by himself. He reconciled the nations to his peace; but his system was so riddled with graft, vice, and special privilege that it became like an addled egg—a crawling mass of putrescence within, but with the shell intact and concealing the same. After the tax-exempt classes had obtained control of nearly all the wealth which had not drained away to India, and the per-capita tax on the curiales had increased to intolerable proportions, the impaid frontier garrisons deserted their posts, the shell collapsed, and the speciousness of Imperial integrity was exposed to an exulting ring of barbarism.

After the submergence of the decadent Empire by Germanic barbarism, European external expansion was suspended during many centuries, wherein the Sons of Japheth were preoccupied with defending their own strife-torn territories from the furious onslaughts of Hun and Magyar, Mongol and Turk, and in resisting the onward sweep of a senescent Semitism, which like a hot desert simoom blew up out of Arabia, proclaiming the Camel-driver-of-Me-dina’s creed. The Crusades were an interlude of retaliation, somewhat analogous to sorties from a beleaguered fortress. European prestige suffered its darkest hour of eclipse when Solyman’s horsetails waved under the walls of Vienna, and the galleys of Kheyreddin and Barbarossa [Greek corsairs], rowed by Christian slaves, churned the Mediterranean waters, impudently flaunting the Osmanli crescent in the beard of “Casar” Charles of Hapsburg, the “Second Charlemagne.”

Instead of the crisis demoralizing Europe, its effect was to stimulate its ingenuity to neutralize the danger. European resourcefulness most effectively demonstrates itself in surmounting grave crises and converting portending disaster into positive advantage. Asiatic encroachments, by severing pacific intercourse with the Far East, had interrupted that flow of luxuries which was the life-blood of commerce, threatening atrophy to the budding Renaissance, its protege.

Arrested progress spelled stagnation and retrogression; but an undisconraged Europe, barred out from the East, turned its eyes hopefully westward to hazard the mysterious perils of the “Ocean Sea.” Columbus, Da Gama, and Magellan were pioneers in a super - expansion of the race whereby European aggression is revived and immeasurably extended, until its sphere of influence is planet-wide. The ocean no longer is regarded as an impassable barrier, but as a convenient highway. Ilie “long seaplanes” are dotted with the white sails of companies of dauntless adventurers who steer blithely out into the beckoning unknown.

This was the turning-point of Asiatic fortunes. The Islamite who had, as it were, crowded his enemy down to the beach and had thought to annihilate him, viewed with amazement and discomfiture the whilom vanquished foe reappear, as if out of hyperspace, in his rear. Orito*

tai confidence and vainglory are rudely shocked, especially after the signal failure of the Osmanli ar Din; and henceforth the disheartened Asiatic steadily gives ground before the European, who unremittingly pushes his advantage until he reigns as virtually unchallenged dominator of the planet.

Placed as if by Providence in the exalted position of arbiter of human destiny, the Sons of Japheth, had their hard disposition been as much ameliorated by the influence of Christianity as is often claimed, enjoyed almost unlimited opportunities for benefiting their heathen brothers. Instead of this, however, they abused their advantage to incalculably increase the latter’s wretchedness.

Having with incredible ease reduced the colored races for the most part to abject submission, the European proceeded to shamelessly exploit them. The world had never previously witnessed such wholesale despoliation of the weak by the strong as supervened during the five centuries preceding the World War.

The dark races groaned under white rapacity: Spaniard, Portuguese, Frenchman, Hollander, and Briton emulated each other in appropriating to themselves the lands, goods, and even the persons of their victims. About the only check to their greed was that imposed by numerical inferiority.

Interposing themselves in handfuls among teeming crowds of natives, the white man, through the superiority of armament and his innate efficiency, cowed the natives’ wills and made himself their master. The futility of resistance to his mandates became an ingrained conviction with them in many a stem punitive expedition, the harrowing details of which were usually censored. The cynical excuse for wasting high-priced explosives on palm-thatched huts was that it was “good practice for the gun-crews.”

The cruelty of the Spaniard is proverbial; his callous obliteration of millions of human lives in the mines and repartimientos was a scandal even in that ruthless age. Archipelagoes were depopulated to minister to his gold lust, and thriving cdmniunities with remarkable indigenous social and industrial organizations sunk into the inertia of hopeless servitude. The harmless Arawaks were rudely roused out of their languorous, idyllic existence to find their Antillean paradises turned into infernos of Spanish deviltry, and the strangers whom they had welcomed with awe and reverence, not gods, but incarnate fiends.

On the Andean plateaus, the ant-like population lost their absorbed interest in life and under Spanish bigotry and repression were reduced to the passive docility of cattle. Tha Spaniard was diligent to appropriate to his own uses the resources of the natives, totally indifferent to the degree of impoverishment, debility, tfnd exhaustion resulting to them.

The Portuguese was an incorrigible picaroon, though when piracy became disreputable ho turned to dealing in “black ivory” and supplying the Macao barracoons with coolies for the Peruvian guano workings. When the Jesuits had civilized the Guaranis of Paraguay the latter’s religion was ineffectual to save them from wholesale plunder and dispossession by their Brazilian fellow-Catholics.

Portuguese advent in the Far East was immediately signalized by high-handed oppression of the natives, whom he irreconcilably antagonized by his arrogant and uncompromising attitude, everywhere incurring an unpopularity which mitigated against the permanence of the Portuguese Indies. In China he outraged the susceptibilities of an ancestor-worshiping people by profaning temples and desecrating tombs and ancestral-tablets. In Ceylon, an impolitic governor of Jaffnapatam incurred the universal execration of the Buddhist wTorld by sacrilegiously destroying the renowned Dalada, or reputed tooth of the Buddh. Albuquerque systematically hunted down and sank the Arab dhows, extinguishing their flourishing trade in the Indian Ocean.

Bands of Portuguese mercenaries, tempted by the prospect of rich booty, entered the service of Burmese and Siamese potentates, their compact, well-armed contingents proving the decisive factor in their battles. Their participation in the Indo-Chinese affairs w as disastrous, however, to native tranquility; for they encouraged the ambitions of the native despots and introduced a spirit of unrestrained cruelty and • rapine.

We note with astonishment the ease wherewith bands of Europeans, insignificant in point of numbers, secured footholds in alien soil, overawed multitudes of hostile natives, and rapidly extended their spheres of influence until their authority was acknowledged over vast areas—• not only where the natives were barbarous, but also in the thickly populated Orient with its completed age-old civilization. The martial inferiority of their own subjects aroused the apprehension of Far Eastern autocrats—the Moguls, Mings, and Jokugawas. The infiltration of Western ideas was deemed a pollution of the pure Celestial culture. The white man’s undisguised contempt for Oriental institutions, and his presumption in aspiring to improve nations who regarded themselves as specially favored of heaven, was an unappeasable affront.

Sheer self-preservation dictated non-intercourse with these grotesque “outside barbarians”; so wherever practicable the Oriental governments formulated a “white exclusion policy,” whereby Japan, Korea, Lin Chin, Thibet, Siam, etc., became “hermit nations” in imitation of the Ming policy in China. This was designed primarily as a paternalistic measure to protect their subjects from white contamination, bs careful parents safeguard their children from bad associates. Subsequently, an imperial edict moved back the entire littoral population from the coast, leaving the latter deserted and transforming thousands of fishermen into farmers.

This self-segregation of the Far Eastern nations may have contributed to preserve them against Occidental aggression until they had learned to value the white mechanical equipment and adopt the same in their own defense. In the sequel, it proved ineffectual to prevent white intrusion; for on the flimsiest pretexts European cannon were ever ready to batter open the treaty-ports and compel the ingress of their unsought trade. In this way the brow-beaten Celestials were constrained to sanction the nefarious opium traffic and the intrusion of missionaries, whose unpopularity led to fan-kwai outrages, affording additional opportunities for Intervention and the imposing of heavy indemnities.

The aversion in which the Portuguese were held enabled the Netherlanders, their adversaries, to acquire a monopoly of Far Eastern commerce. More astute and phlegmatic than his predecessors, the Hollander kept his eyes riveted on the “main'chahce,” seldom allowing his white intolerance ttf1 interfere with his business and antagonize customers for his Schiedam gin. He practised a Uriah Heep humility, very comforting to vainglorious sultans and maharajahs, but not exactly conducive toward sustaining respect for the white race. But even his conciliatory attitude did not exempt him from interminable Achien wars and reprisals against Hottentot cattle-thieves.

British self-esteem congratulates itself by complacent comparison of its own humanitarianism with the frank brutality of the Iberian nations; but history cannot exonerate the Englishman from gross injustice and cruelty in his dealings with the “sullen, silent people,’’though his misdeeds were more covert. The Castilian and Andalusian piously crossed himself, repeating Paters and Aves while preparing foot-baths of melted lead for treasure-hiding caciques. The English-speaking “Black-bridler” sang Methodist hymns while firing down the hatches into mobs of fear-frenzied Tonga Islanders, enticed aboard his craft to furnish labor for the Queensland sugar plantations.

The Spaniard openly bragged of his exploit; the other cannily deprecated mentioning such indecorous episodes among the quiet, good church people at home. Spanish atrocities were on a grander scale and achieved wider notoriety; deference to Insular “Mother Grundyism” tended to hush up the British, whose public affected a horror for licentiousness, since satiating itself in Restoration orgies. The Briton demanded a decorous observance of the proprieties, even blowing Sepoy mutineers from the mouths of cannon; and Bibles were offered as a premium to Samoan purchasers of British mm.

In general, the Sons of Japheth avowed only the loftiest motives in their dealings with the colored races. As professing Christians, they might plead their divine commission to proclaim the gospel,, habitually interpreting this to mean either militant proselytizing or the conversion of the native to European standards of living.

The spiritual blindness of the native excited the white man’s commiseration: their partiality for Adam’s garb, his holy horror; he was resolute to save the heathen’s souls even, at the cost of their temporal happiness. Nay, it was urged by the friars as a “true mercy” to facilitate the passage of the convert’s soul to purgatory before he had the opportunity to relapse into sin. So the Conquistadores baptized the aborigines and then put them to the sword.

The sullen obduracy of Los Indios in preferring their own idols to the tinsel-decked images of saints and Madonnas filled the Spaniard with disgust Coercive measures were essential; so

he set bloodhounds on them to tear out their bowels, or strung them up to trees where he tried out the sharpness of his Toledo blade on their naked bodies. By such “Christian” object lessons he made good Catholics of the residue, whom he confirmed in their faith by pious festivals and spectacles, such as bull fights, flagel-lante processions, and autos-da-fe.

In their participation in the re-allotment of the natives’ heritage among themselves by the Sons of Japheth, the British member was handicapped by the initial performances of the Peninsulars, who had preempted most of the choice looting-grounds. There might be some consolation in a Drake or a Hawkins transferring a portion of the spoils of Tenochtitlan and Cuzco into his own strong-boxes, or in the ransacking of Cartagena and Panama by Morgan’s buccaneers, but such occasional windfalls were a bagatelle compared to the stream of precious metals which poured into Philip’s treasury, busying that clerical-minded monarch in devising hereticextirpating projects for its expenditure.

For a steady income, the “tight little Islanders ’ ’ were driven to resort to trade and to growing tobacco, though it is true that Clive and Warren Hastings uncovered some very remunerative and previously inaccessible workings in the treasure vaults of the Great Moguls. But, until the development of manufactures taught the English to wring profits out of their own pauper classes, the most promising field for the acquisition of wealth was in commerce and colonizing schemes.

As a colonist, John Bull distinguished himself by his beneficent activities. In the first place he benefited himself by annexing large areas of the earth’s surface, whereto he transported his surplus population, who by natural increase crowded out the original owners and appropriated their holdings, to create greater Englands overseas. In the. second place, he benefited posterity by weeding out inferior races through the agency of fire-water and other domestic products, thereby providing room for future generations of the prolific Anglo-Saxon breed.

In the thjrd place, he set an example of sound business principles to the world by encouraging missionary activities which softened the intractability of savage tribes, rendering them amenable to peaceful penetration by the trader, and the introduction of such civilizing agencies as rum, opium, syphilis, and tuberculosis.

One benefaction he conferred on the black ' savages of Africa was to transport them out of their Guinea jungles to the plantations of Vir- • ginia and the Barbadoes, where they were brought under “Christian” influences: namely, the “cat,” branding, chains, and bracelets. The wailing cargoes of “black ivory” packed in the *"V noisome holds died off like flies, and were thrown to the sharks that followed in the wake. But a Nemesis hovered over the slave-ships to avenge in some measure the Negroes’ wrongs by inoculating sub-tropical American soil with the hookworm.

Such, then, was the character of English philanthropy; for everywhere the prosperity of English-speaking colonists was established at the expense of the slower, weaker races. The Australians are no exception to this rule, though they claim to the contrary, likening their dispossession of the black fellows to the permissable eradication of vermin.

Almost invariably the aborigine’s good-will was cultivated until the settlers got the stockades and block-houses built, after which they abused his hospitality to make trespasses, adopting a hectoring, arbitrary, uncompromising tone with him, provoking him to resentment, which they were prompt to take advantage of as an excuse for seizing his land and goods.

Where the aborigine was an asset, he was speedily put into harness, as in the Hudson Bay fur trade, and set to amassing fortunes for his masters, who taught him new wants which they alone were able to gratify, and so kept him toiling for a pittance to provide himself with shoddy superfluities and tawdry knickknacks. If the ; native was an incumbrance, he might be debauched with disease and vice, and the survivors herded into barren nooks and corners, where with a “dead line” drawn around them they could slowly starve without their degraded condition becoming offensive to their prosperous supplanters. There is a certain parallel between these reservations and the slums of the great cities, where the Sons of Japheth allow their own unfortunate members to sink into hopeless pauperism, subsisting on rubbish and alms.

Whatever expedient seemed most conducive to profits was resorted to with unctuous pre- 9 tence of subserving the victim’s own best interests. In India the native manufacturers were i discriminated against to preclude competition with Leeds and Manchester, and in consequence

died out with a resultant involuntary “back to the soil” movement, a superabundance of ryots end perennial famine.

In America it was esteemed a perfectly honorable procedure to induce the simple and confiding red man to cede a portion of his tribal hunting grounds in return for guaranteed possession of the rest in perpetuity. The “Great Fathers” of Washington and Montreal set their seals to solemn treaties whereby the red man was to retain unmolested possession of his lands forever, as long as “grass grew or water ran.”

The Indians were even encouraged to build houses and farms, to plow, grow corn and potatoes, and to raise cattle and hogs. Then when they were tamed and docile, on some specious pretext—generally because some politician’s constituents wanted their fertile acres—the treaties became “scraps of paper,” the astounded Indians received peremptory orders to vacate, and soldiers were sent to escort them to some unproductive wilderness where they existed perforce as pauperized pensioners of the Government, robbed of two-thirds of their “issues” by dishonest Indian Agents.

Sometimes, as in the case of the Poncas, these deportations were of the most heart-breaking character, the despairing exiles being removed in the dead of winter to malarial districts in the far south to which they were not acclimated. Obliged to abandon their improvements together with most of their stock and farm equipment, they suffered a fearful mortality, both on the journey and after their arrival in their new homes.

Certain tribes of the Sioux, who were in the way of becoming prosperous farmers, were arbitrarily transported to arid reservations, where they died off rapidly from intestinal disorders to which their nauseating diet exposed them. This was a kind of soup made of the heads and entrails of cattle dumped into huge cotton-wood vats, ip,to which raw flour and cold water were stirred, And which was dipped out in pails and served to the famished Indians. The Agents appropriated to themselves and sold the edible cuts of the beef-issues, leaving the Indians the remainder i The “Ogallala Cry” or starving song of thj$ Sioux may possibly commemorate these sufferings.

There is no question that Indian uprisings were often provoked by white outrages. Philip of Pokanoket bore with repeated injuries and

indignities before he “dug up the hatchet” against the friends of Massasoit. One Indian outbreak was in retaliation for the murder of [ their squaws by libidinous cavalrymen who, t while the women were gathering berries to eke out their scanty stores of provisions, advanced : upon them, money in one hand, cocked revolver in the other, and infuriated by their repulse, shot the squaws down. A frontier maxim was that the “only good Indians were dead Indians”; and not infrequently inoffensive red men were classed indiscriminately with catamounts and other ‘ ‘ varmints ” by the rough bor- ■ derers, and killed at sight. I

Yet, until the reports of their atrocities had \ become widespread among the aborigines, the ; first arrivals among the white men were almost uniformly received with hospitality; and the ; very cruelest of Indian customs—the tormenting of prisoners—is said to have been copied : from the European judicial tortures. But apt learners though they were, the savages lacked both the ingenuity and the mechanical contrivances to successfully reproduce the deviltries incidental to white “justice” a century or so ago. ;

The white man aggravated the natural barbarity of the Indians and often exceeded it by , his own. The Indian disclaimed to take the ,

scalps of squaws and papooses, until colonial j

governments made it profitable by paying 44scalp bounties, ’’ purely for purposes of intimidation, to awe the Indians by a display of un- ; natural ferocity. French fur-traders in Wiscon- ; sin burned Indian women at the stake. During I their drunken frolics the lawless backwoodsmen j were guilty of roasting pigs alive, and of skinning live wolves which they caught in traps.

In some instances, after being lured into false ' security and persuaded to surrender their arms, the Indians were set on and massacred. The , Sand Creek massacre of Colorado is an example. Trusting to promises of Government protection, certain bands of Cheyennes went into winter camp and laid in supplies of game and fuel, hoisting U. S. flags to show their confidence.

Suddenly, without warning, a column of cavalry rode down on the unsuspecting encampment, firing right and left, overturning teepees, defiling provisions, and scattering the despairing survivors of their raid over the snow-dad mountains. Fiendish acts are recorded of these American troopers, who disemboweled pregnant women with their sabers and sliced off the hands of fleeing children. Nevertheless, this “victory” was celebrated with pomp and rejoicing in Denver, where women’s scalps were dangled in a theater before an applauding audience and the Major in command was tendered a vote of thanks. When tempted to felicitate ourselves on our spotless honor, it is well to remember our unjust war with Mexico, and how we insinuated ourselves into Hawaii and then overthrew the native government

Wherever the scattering advance guard of traders, trappers, whalers, and missionaries— who were the pioneers of white civilization— wandered, the natives were debauched, cheated, and abused. The white man’s behavior toward them may be likened to that of a wily and unscrupulous adult toward weak-minded children. The natives were regarded as either dupes or nuisances—in either case the white man’s lawful prey, to be imposed on without restraint, or eradicated without remorse; in fact, systematically exterminated where practicable, as President Rosa killed off the Pampas Indians.

The orgies of unbridled licentiousness indulged in by outlaws and unprincipled adventurers in the remote places of the earth at the expense of helpless, unsophisticated savages are too sickening to describe in detail. American “dough boys” in the Philippines committed assaults against Tagalan women, which the Cossacks in East Prussia only reproduced on a larger scale. The traffic of Arctic whalers in “winter wives” was a factor in corrupting the “frozen north.” African explorers complained that many who joined their expeditions were attracted by the prospect of unbridled illicit intercourse with the native women.

Contributing to the extinction of Tasmanian aborigines was the spread of venereal diseases among them by dissolute convicts and miners. The excesses of whalers, copra traders, and “beach epmbers” in the South Seas are a standing reproach to white self-respect. A splendid human type, albeit cannibal, was perverted and ruined by the acquisitiveness, lust, and brutality of the scum of our race in the Marquesas. The vitality of h sturdy, childlike race was undermined with rum, opium, syphilis, and tuberculosis ; a pall of apathy, sadness, and despair settles down over the Pacific paradises, once vibrant with the joy of living. The rubber, so indispensible to modern convenience, is obtained at the cost of enormous suffering on the part of Congo and Amazonian peons, exploited by Belgian and Brazilian capitalists.

The mere contact of the white and colored races often seem to devitalize the latter, as if the white breath were pestilential and the white skin exuded subtle poison. Mongolian people aver that we emit a repulsive odor, such as we ascribe to Negroes; and Papuan anthropophagi decline to eat white flesh, alleging that it has a disgusting, medicinal flavor. Who knows!

We may be unconscious “Typhoid Marys,” sowing contagion where we preach white standards of health. Our bodies may be saturated with foul virus, inherited from countless generations Of dwellers in the filthy, undrained alleys and fever-haunted dens of medieval Europe; steeped with toxic antidotes until our mere proximity may be as nauseating to an uncontaminated people as an habitual inebriate’s company is offensive to a total abstainer.

At any rate, the white man has been a notorious germ-carrier, transmitting epidemics to every quarter of the globe. The Dutch ships took smallpox to the Cape and depopulated the Hottentot kraals, and to Ceylon and China, where an emperor became a victim. Certain childhood complaints with us, such as scarlet fever, measles, and whooping cough, proved virulent plagues when introduced among savages, rapidly thinning out the tribes whoso cleaner blood had not developed antitoxins to combat them.

Occasionally, the white man deliberately inoculated the savages with disease, as in the case of certain hide-hunters who, coveting buffalo robes, first made an ostensibly friendly visit to an Indian village, where they furtively distributed cholera scales, returning later on to gather up the booty from the defunct hosts. Even its very pests and parasites were made to minister to white expansion I

Doubtless, the rapid deterioration of the aborigines after contact with the whites was partly due to their inability to accommodate their wild habits to the more artificial conditions of civilization. They could not readjust themselves. The white man’s theory of life was formulated to suit European requirements and was essentially unsuitable for a people living close to nature; but with uncompromising dogmatism, the white man insisted on all nations accepting his standards and conforming to his predilections. ;

The unbathed Basuto exposed his nakedness to the disinfecting sunshine and oxygen and kept robust; clothed by missionary prudery in microbe-infested rags, he succumbed to disease. The Mandan ate with relish and impunity the “stinking meat” of bison carcasses which floated down the Missouri. When the Umatilla was ailing from a surfeit of tainted salmon, he cured himself with a steam bath; but the traders ’ tin-poisoned corn and patent medicines played havoc with him.

In some sections storekeepers kept one class of canned goods for white consumption and an inferior quality which was sold only to Indians. Even avarice dared not transcend local prejudices! When his surroundings, through the accumulation of offal and multiplication of vermin dictated house-cleaning, the Indian moved his teepee to an uninfected spot; anchored in permanent dwellings with only rudimentary notions of hygiene, he took the consequences. The superficial aspects of civilization impressed the savage—the basic principles eluded him; the Maori chief appreciated the gold-braided hat and scarlet coat, but dispensed with the trousers.

The subconscious ambition of the white man was to Europeanize the world. Wherever he wandered, nostalgia smote him; and he sought to reproduce the home atmosphere, transforming as far as possible the very landscape into one reminiscent of Spain, Holland, or England. So the colonists transplanted European trees, cereals, roots, flowers, and grasses, which like his domestic cattle and fowls crowded out the indigenous fauna and flora. Unintentionally, he aided even the migration of European weeds and vermin and parasites, which flourished amazingly as exotics in the new soil.

Unfortunately his contempt for indigenous life extended even to the native trees and game, which he improvidently wasted before learning to appreciate their value. The Australian squatter girdled park-like forests of eucalyptus trees, to enlarge his grazing area, thereby augmenting the intermittant drought until it became chronic, and thereby losing the pasturage altogether. The American recklessly logged off or burned off timber which should have sufficed to supply unborn generations, and was punished for his heedlessnessiwith floods and soil-erosion. The vanishing of the countless herds of bison, elk, and of flocks of pigeons, ducks, and turkeys is not the least astonishing aspect of the white man’s spread over America, and is paralleled by his decimation of game in Africa and the Antipodes.

It is not to be supposed that the ubiquitous white domination was accepted with equanimity by resigned subject races, content to remain in tutelage until they had slowly risen to his standard of civilization. On the contrary, under an obsequious exterior smouldered burning resentment of the longing for redress in the breasts of every people where inherent instincts toward self-expression had been smothered under white aggrandizement. But as long as Occidental prestige continued unimpaired, the mutterings of malcontency were ignored and discounted; Kaiser Wilhelm’s “yellow peril” bogey was dismissed with a jest; and the rueful, deprecatory grins of kicked punkahwattah or cheated rickshaw-boys served to confirm white ‘conviction of the ingrained servility of the Oriental.

But throughout the East a subtle change was transpiring, with which Occidental egotism and self-confidence obtusely declined to reckon. The white man failed to observe that the Orient was waking up out of the torpor of ages, and that its diverse elements were amalgamating; that those national religions and social antipathies which had retarded the growth of any real public or national spirit, thus facilitating the perpetuation of white supremacy, were in process of being reconciled; that the age-old passive obedience of the masses was giving place to an unassuageable bitterness, owing to the introduction of modern mechanical progress in the Orient which had disorganized its whole economic life, intensifying the already severe struggle to provide sustenance, and aggravating the distress of poverty beyond human endurance.

The abrupt transition to factory industrialism was disintegrating village life, in Egypt, India, and Japan—as in Europe—accentuating the drift to the cities, producing urban-congestion and fostering the growth of frightful slums —those of Cairo, Bombay, Lucknow, Calcutta, Tokio, Nagasaki, etc., exceeding in squalor the worst in Europe.

The evil aspects of present-day industrialism are more glaring in the Orient: for there human life is cheap and there is almost no check on the harsh exploitation of the despised women and girl children. A fear has been expressed lest the entire Orient, incompetent to cope with

Western efficiency, become one vast festering slum, powerless to solve its own problems of nourishment and sanitation, a breeding-place for contagion that might depopulate the globe.

The huddled denizens of these sinkholes of misery, taught new wants by civilization and perpetually tantalized by their inability to gratify the same, contrasting their own indigence with the comfort of European quarters and cantonments, grew year by year more morose and 'disaffected.

One factor in the undermining of European Prestige was the renaissance of Islam. The Mos-em world in past times had been Christendom’s most dangerous enemy, but had subsided into centuries of obscurantism and torpor until recent Pan-Islamic and Senussi propaganda rekindled a renewed enthusiasm.

The consistently unifying influence of the Haj, or pilgrimage, was appreciated by the Senussi in advancing their program of effecting the spiritual regeneration of the Moslem world and the revival of the.Imamat. But realizing the impotence of the wildest outbursts of fanaticism before the mechanical might of Europe, the Senussi Order, which counted its adherents from Tangier to Zanzibar, and which was tacitly recognized as an occult government within their own by the colonial authorities, refrained from cooperation with the Khalifa, with the Tripolitans against Italy, or even from compliance when the Sultan-Caliph issued his formal summons to a Holy War whose palpable “Made in Germany” stamp discredited its sacred character.

The Senussi program was to abstain from premature outbreaks, exhaustive to Moslem strength, while meantime fostering the adoption of Western mechanical equipment Today, the Prophet’s tomb at Medina is lighted by electricity; picture postcards are sold outside the Kaaba at Mecca; and an active Mohammedan press disseminates propagandist journals, newspapers, books, and leaflets from Tunis to Talifu.

Another potent influence in consolidating Mohammedanism was Pan-Islamism under the patronage of Abdul Hamid, whose indefatigable secret propaganda was so successful in teaching the remotesveorners of Islam to revere the monarch of Stamboul as the champion of their faith, that a howl of protest arose at the Allied dismemberment of Turkey, and the British government was seriously embarrassed by the remonstrances of their Indian subjects, who concerted against all precedents an alliance with Hindu nationalists.

Islam indeed was reversing its attitude of 11 preference for the “Peoples of the Book” and abhorrence for the Idolaters, making amicable overtures to the heathen and urging them to combine with themselves for the expulsion of the Christians. The success of Moslem proselytizing in the “Dark Continent,” whereby Islam had been extended almost to Cape Colony, aroused confident expectation that the whole non-Christian world would embrace the creed .. of the Prophet After the defeat of Russia, Ab* dul Hamid sent a Turkish warship with a mis* sion to the Mikado which, although received only with enigmatical professions of good will by the Nipponese, excited strong hopes in the Mohammedan world, where the proposed conversion of Japan was widely discussed.

Japan’s unlooked-for victory over one of the foremost European powers, though the effects were not immediately apparent, reacted to the prodigious detriment of white prestige in the Orient The fiction of white invulnerability had been exploded: a white nation had been excelled by a colored people in manipulating that very mechanical equipment on which white supremacy was founded. A new precedent was established; and the exploited, darker races might lift up their heads, hailing as their champion and emancipator the Son of Amaterasu, whose slogan of “Asia for the Asiatics” thrilled with the promise of a new day even jabbering Hindu villagers, squatting about their fires of cowdung.

The overweening egotism and fatuousness of the white man is well exemplified in the sympathy evinced by a large section of his publio with the “Sunrise Land” against the “Bear,” as well as their unconscious subserviency to their own financial autocrats. Certain financial interests demanded the humiliation of the Czar, so a kept press dictated the popular sympathies —the public remaining blithely obtuse to tha fact that Russia’s defeat paved the way for tha downfall of Occidental supremacy.

Japan used its victory primarily to extend ita sphere of influence in China; but national distrust of its ambitious neighbor mitigated against its popularity there, and its progress was slow, though it succeeded in getting a virtual stranglehold on Chinese finances and industry. The so-

cret, underlying purpose of Japan, it has been suspected, is the re-organizing of China under Japanese auspices with an ultimate aim of expulsion of the European from Asia.

In spite of the rekindling of national hopes in the Orient after the Nipponese triumph, the stability of white prestige remained, externally at least, unshaken until the convulsion of the World War. To the colored peoples the war was an object lesson of white folly. The same fratricidal instincts innate in the race which had found vent in the Peloponnesian War, the Wars of the Roses, and our own Civil War, now reached their crowning manifestation in a suicidal struggle whereat the dark races gasped and wondered. The ruinous after-effects to Europe evoked fierce exultation, being looked upon as a just retribution for its centuries of unbridled rapacity.

The incensed adversaries were obtuse to the unwisdom of admitting Sihks, Goorkhas, and Senegalese into the inner sanctuaries of the Sons of Japheth to murder, rape, and rob; but the effect was to dissipate the almost superstitious awe of white superiority. The Berber, rejoining his brethren, sneered at the blind infatuation of the Kafir, predicting his early overthrow by True Believers.

Discharged Chinese non-combatant battalions, and other thousands of Chinese employed as soldiers, torturers, and executioners during the “Red Terror” in Russia, carried home impressions of the white man’s country as a delectable looting ground. More than anything, the scorn and indignation of the Orientals was incurred by the duplicity of the Allies at Versailles, ■where, repudiating their solemn war-time promises of a new era of self-determination for small nations, they betrayed their unequivocal purpose of enlarging their dominions at the small nations’ expense.

Even during the war, an explosion in Mohammedan countries was only narrowly averted, which Was admitted officially by the British, who stated that a cataclysmic insurrection nearly involved the Allied Asiatic and African possessions. This was prevented by the Nationalist leaders who, relying on the promised self-determination f6r their countries to follow after peace, exerted their influence to restrain the malcontents.

When the Versailles Conference brought disillusionment, the disgusted Nationalists staged rebellions with the cooperation of the disgruntled populace. In Egypt the fellaheen, from passive dislike of the foreigners, had been converted by conscription of their labor and requisitions of provisions and fodder, into active antagonism; and a dangerous rebellion broke out, during which railroad tracks were torn up, trains stalled and looted, and telegraph lines cut The wild Bedouin took advantage of civil commotions to swarm in for plunder, and one tourist party beleaguered on an oasis was rescued by aeroplanes.

For a time it looked as if British sovereignty was tottering; the government rushed up Soudanese levies and massed British regiments to overawe the rebels; and the gravest fears were entertained. The movement, however, collapsed when deserted by the Nationalist leaders who, detecting sinister indications of Bolshevist activities, decided that their own safety was best guaranteed by British rule.

In India, likewise, the integrity of Imperial dominion was imperilled by Nationalist intrigues and the disaffection of the masses. The aftermath of the war represented one of the darkest periods in the country’s history, recording some of the worst droughts, crop failures, epidemics, and famines in its annals. Add to this the fall of the rupee and the impending financial panic and a wave of unrest that swept through India, culminating in riots, terrorism, the wholesale destruction of property, and the murder of officials and white civilians.

Sedition was rife; and when riotous mobs were mowed down by machine-gun fire, the rev- ‘ olutionary elements, driven underground, became more uncompromising than before, crystallizing at length in the non-cooperative movement, sponsored by Gandhi, which declared a boycott on all things British, putting the latter into the “untouchable” class. For the moment the authorities seem to have the situation in band; but Indian Moslems are infuriated by the humiliation of the Sultan-Caliph, and any radical attempt of the Allies on Constantinople might be the signal for a Holy War which might involve India.

East Africa also has not been free from serious disturbances, during which native mutineers clashed with Sikh police and white residents. In South Africa, an undercurrent of discontent exists among the natives which reached an acute stage during the recent labor disturb-

w GOLDEN AGE

ances on the Rand, when white striking miners ■hot black strike-breakers. So great was the apprehension of a general black uprising that the Union government used the most stringent measures in stamping out the rebellion.

Perhaps the gravest menace to white domination is the ubiquitous Bolshevik propaganda which has permeated all the East, announcing the emancipation of the downtrodden masses from their immemorial servitude, and the seizure of power by the workers. The doctrine of the supremacy of the proletariat means little as yet to the Oriental masses, though tons of Bolshevist literature have been translated into Asiatic tongues and scattered broadcast throughout the continent. But the wily Bolsheviks have adapted their program in Eastern lands to appeal to native prejudices, trusting gradually to educate the masses into soviet principles. There are many indications that the leaven is working, notably in Japan, where a proletarian movement antagonistic to the ruling caste is under way, gaining strength from the growing discontent due to the steadily increasing cost of living. There have been rice-riots and anti-militarist and suffrage demonstrations. Indeed, throughout the East, nuclei for the formation of soviets exist in the large industrial centers, where factory populations are concentrated.

Still, on the surface, white domination remains intact and its lines of intercommunication are yet unbroken; but underneath, the elements

Biooklzb, N. X.

for its subversion are daily gathering force. China is a huge reservoir of potential energy; and the Chinese, schooled in civil wars, seem to be developing martial ardor and are training themselves to handle Western military equipment. China has now the largest number of men under arms in the world, and it is not improbable that a great military dictator may reunite the contending factions and in alliance with Japan inaugurate a new era in the Far East.

In Europe the situation is fulminant with the gravest possibilities: Germany’s financial collapse is imminent, and can hardly avoid involving all Europe in economic chaos, with a repercussion across the Atlantic. Meantime the Bed armies are massing to overrun Roumania and Poland. It is not beyond the range of possibilities that Allied aggressions in Turkey may precipitate a Holy War, with Islam leagued with Russia, China, and Japan. What might happen to shattered and disorganized Europe, under a combined onslaught of the Bolsheviks, Asiatics, and Africans, is too terrible to contemplate.

The Holy Scriptures seem to intimate that the fall of “Christendom”—the family of capitalistic governments which masquerades under this name—will be a prelude to the overrunning of its territories by the heathen hosts. (See Ezekiel 5:14,17-7:21-26) Certainly the Sons of Japheth, by their quite unexampled career of rapacity, greed, cruelty, and hypocrisy, have incurred such a justly merited recompense. It would be poetic justice.

The Standard of Value RyT.D.Jtmea

MESSRS. H. E. Branch, A. H. Kent, and J. H. Morrison seem to have become tangled up about the true unit or standard of value. This discord and confusion result from a misunderstanding of the true function of money. Money is not primarily a measure of value. Its first and. .most important office is to effect an exchange of values. To illustrate: I could not conveniently exchange a bale of cotton for its equivalent in clothing, groceries, drugs, plow tools etc. It would be inconvenient to give so many pounds of cotton for a pair of shoes, a hat or a wagon?. So we have money, for which I sell my cotton, and which is conveniently divided into dollars so that I can exchange portions of the value of my cotton for hats, groceries, etc.

The true standard of value is the relative supply and demand. Money is subject also to this law of supply and demand, and fluctuates in value, like other articles or products. Therefore if we make money a standard of value it is like taking an India rubber tape with which to measure. Thus we have a variable and uncertain market. But if the supply of money were kept always in the same ratio to the demands of business, then we could make it a true and constant standard of value.

If, furthermore, an accurate census of the amount of business transacted were taken at convenient seasons, and a supply of paper legal tender money were issued and kept in the same proportion or ratio to the amount of business transacted, we would have an ideal medium of exchange and measure of value.

Fourteenth Esperanto Convention By Kaaric Harteva (Finland)

IHAVE been reading with much pleasure your excellent magazine since it began to appear, and I have had the blessed opportunity to be editor of the Finnish edition, which has contained many of the most interesting articles from your magazine; and the Finnish people have accepted them with great joy. The appetite of the people has grown to hear more and more of the blessed Golden Age. We have had no opportunity to show our gratitude to you by contributing, but now I thought that it possibly would interest you to hear something about

Esperanto

IN OUR city, Helsinki, the capital of Finland

(Suomi, the name of our country in our native tongue) has been held the Fourteenth Esperanto Congress. Thirty-four countries have been represented. Also such far countries as U. S. A., China, Japan, Algeria, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, etc^ have had their representatives at this Congress. The Jews, too, have had their representatives; and during the Congress they have held in their synagogue two services in Esperanto. All our leading and most prominent papers have had long articles daily about Esperanto and the Congress, and they have recommended the new world-language in the most ample words. The Congress has been a great success for the movement.

What is Esperanto 1 It is a new language invented since our Lord’s second advent by a Jewish doctor, L. L. Zamenhof. It is certainly the easiest language in the world. The grammar is simplicity itself. The main points are as follows:

Substantives end in o, adjectives in a, adverbs in e. To form the plural j is added, and n for accusative.

Verbs end in time present with -as, past -is, future -os, conditional -us, imperative -u, infinitive -i, participles active present -ant, past -vnt, future -out, passive present -at, past -it, future -of. ' „

There is only one definite article—la.

Every word is pronounced as it is spelled.

, There exist no irregularities.

The words are formed from the best known internatioiial words.

The aim qf the Esperanto movement is not to destroy the native languages in the various countries. It is intended only to help the people in their contact with foreigners. The need of an

international language has not been felt so much until now, when the nations are coming into the most lively contact one with another. As soon as this international language is used in all international relations it will be a great relief to all humanity. It ■will spare for better purposes unmeasured quantities of time and money which formerly have been used in the learning of other languages, all of which have been very, difficult. The small nations especially will be lifted up to the level of the greater ones. It has been impossible to translate all the important books into all the languages of the small nations; but if the books are translated into Esperanto, it is easy for any one to learn this simple language, and to get the knowledge contained in these books.

Already a remarkable translation work ifl completed. Some of the leading books of the world are translated into Esperanto. Many years ago the New Testament appeared in Esperanto, as well as prominent parts of the Old Testament; and it is expected that the whole Bible will soon be ready. To the Esperanto Congress in Helsinki the important book, “Millions Now Living Will Never Die,” appeared in Esperanto, and many Esperantists have accepted it with great joy.

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