Golden Age, August 30, 1922

Download: PDF — Golden Age, August 30, 1922

Auff.30,1922, Vol. Ill, No. 77

Published every other week at 18 Concord Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., U. B. A.

Five Cents a Copy—JI.00 a Year

Canada and Foreign Countries. J1.M

VOLUME 3 WEDNESDAY, At’GT’ST 30. 1022 Nombbb 77

CONTENTS of the GOLDEN AGE

LABOR AND ECONOMICS

“Eeejing the Pulse” __

Our Most Dangerous Citizens ______________ _________,

The Unit of Value

The Standard of Value ..743 Help Wanted — Domestic "52 Poor Wages Compared to the Work Done ........... 752

[in position , 753 No Family Life .......—....753

Freakish, Indopendable

Women Employe's .... ..7>>3 Tito Remedy .........—.....- -754

Why Girls Dislike House’ work ............... 754

SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL

Lack of Appreciation ...................... ........................-—...........

74 9

7 50

Letters from Prisoners .....-.........-..............-.........................

Bryan and the Monkeyhes .....................................*............-

Bobbed Hair .................................................................—..........

FINANCE—COMMERCE—TRANSPORTATION

The Strike at Credits ______745 Early British Vehirios

Transportation-—East ami Public ('ju-riugo --------

Present ....... -.746 Railway Development

POLITICAL—DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

Russian Debts ........ 745 Canada ------------

Presidential Terms __________750 Curbing the .Joint Com

A Horrible Injustice in mittee .....

AGRICULTURE AND HUSBANDRY

Unfilled Lands in the West

SCIENCE AND INVENTION

Is Earth’s Temperature Changing - __________ ____________—.

HOME AND HEALTH

Tobacco—An Unmitigated Curse ..............-

Sundry Health Notes ..........................................

Edible Pumpkin Blossoms .....„...............................................760

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY

The Glorious Golden Age 761

God Is Arrested

Cedar Point Convention

Return of the Jews

Theology of Jewry, 30

A. D....................-

The Sadducees .

7 /U . . ________ ...llitf

A Unique TTnndhill .

SStudivs jti the “Hari* of

Goo” __________________

A Double Renewal ........_.7C7

published every other Wednesday at 18 Concord Street. Brooklyn. N. I......U. 6. A

by WOODWORTH. JHJDGING8 and MARTIN CLAYTON J. WODDlVORTH.......Editor

ROBERT J. MARTIN . . . . Business Manager WM. F. HUDGINGS......Sec'y and Treaa.

Copartners and proprietors. Address: 18 Concord Street, Brooklyn, N. Y., . . . . V. 8. A, Five Cents a Copy — £1.00 a Yeab foreign offices : British 34 Craven Terrace, Lancaster Gate, London W. 2; Canadian: 270 Dundas St. W., Toronto, Ontario; Auftralaxian: 405 Collins St., Melbourne, Australia. Make remittances to The. Golden AffO Entered as second-class matter at Brooklyn, N. X* voder the Act of March 3, 1970.

afie Golden Age

Brooklyn, N. Y., Wednesday, Aug. 30, 1922

Number 77

“Feeling the Pulse” By d. c. Albert

THE Writer, a machinist, has been unemployed since July, 1921. At first I did not bend ' very strenuous efforts towards finding a position, because of depressed business conditions. But later, when I noticed what appeared to be a resumption of business operations, judging from the numerous advertisements for help appearing in the newspapers, and seeing my little bank account vanishing, I began to inquire into some of the offers made. Well, I spent much money in answering advertisements which were to reach the prospective employer through the medium of the newspapers’ box exchange; but I received only one reply, despite the fact that fe in many instances I enclosed postage for a reply. ’ The one exception came as a surprise, from

the general manager of a very large manufacturing concern, stating that he was sorry that ' just then there was nothing to offer, hut that he was filing my communication for future reference and would notify me should an oppor-. tunity open. The advertisement had been running in the newspaper for several weeks; but > the situation being in another state and city, I had purposely avoided answering it. Later, when I had decided to answer, I was not surprised to learn that the vacancy had been filled. . But I was surprised to receive any answer at all to my solicitation; and I have been more surprised to see the same advertisement ap-' ’ pearing at intervals of two or three days apart ever since.

? Living in a large city, I have spent a lot of

money riding about on the street-cars from & place to place, in answer to advertisements for help in my line., but always with the same resuit: The reply was, “The place has been filled,” although in some instances I had procured one _ of the first issues of the paper heralding the notice for help. I have come into contact with many others who have related to me very similar experiences; and often I have heard the query, “Why do you suppose the papers carry these fictitious ads?” I have given the matter much thought, and my conclusions are as follow’s :

Newspapers are looked upon by the public in general as a guide to enable people to form conclusions as to prevalent conditions. Hence when the “want ad" columns for “male” and “female” help cover two or three sheets the public at large naturally conclude that the cry of the destitute1 is altogether uncalled for, since the papers are full of positions of every kind for those who want employment, and who are willing to work. t

On the other hand, big business—and other business, too, that is not so big—all have their organizations; and from a monetary standpoint they are as much one as Jesus said He and the Father were. The “want” ad columns are a very good way to feel the pulse of the workers to ascertain just how far employers may go in reducing the scale of wages paid for labor.

Nearly every advertisement demands the history of the applicant for from ten to twenty-five years or perhaps for life—when he worked last, where, and for what reason he quit, what wages he was making, and what he would be willing to work for now, etc. All these and many other questions enable the “image” to arrive at as good an estimate as to how far it may go in taking advantage of the unsuspecting novice, as does the confessional box enable the “beast” to decide the fate of its subjects.

Imperial Rome and Papal Rome made the “beast” that decided the fate of the so-called religious heretic; and Protestantism and big business make a wonderful “image” of the oldtime oppressor’s rule. In either case the method of exploitation is the same. Both systems have their various organizations supervised by salaried adjutants who report their findings to an operative head. Between the two the poor man

is double-crossed; and where is he? If he offers -resistance, he is immediately termed a Bolshev

ik. If he submits to this order of things, his . life is made an existence, only as a result of manifold excessive taxations, rent, commodities of all kinds, etc. And then the masses of the people ask why there is so much crime, so many suicides, etc.

The answer is plain to be seen. The spirit of

“God save me and my wife,

' My son John and his wife, Us four, and no more”

. is responsible for the whole matter. We are not unmindful that the Lord has set a time for their visitation; and without His aid they shall bow down under the prisoners of servitude which they have made, and these mighty ones shall fall under those whose lives they have been in-

strumental in crushing out. “Woe unto those that decree unrighteous decrees, and that wrftfc •' grievousness which they have prescribed.” See Isaiah 10:1-4.

At this writing I have before me a clipping from the Chicago Tribune announcing a demonstration by the ‘Beast,” to regain one of the triple crowns for the pope's tiara, viz., the ~ crown of temporal dominion which they admit has been lost for over fifty years. Simultane-' ously, in the same city of Rome, another demonstration made up of one hundred other organizations paraded the streets with red flags demanding a republic, and evidently determined that there shall be no return to the Papal Hierarchy. If this is true, we have great reason to rejoice as we see our deliverance drawing nigh. The false prophet is to be taken with the beast, as is plainly foretold in Revelation 19: 20.

Our Most Dangerous Citizens By John Buckley

WHO and what is the most dangerous element in our society? There are many different opinions. To the one with' diamonds, and readily collected cash, the criminal is the most dangerous. To the large manufacturer, the labor agitator and the union appear to be the worst; and the general public forms its opinion from the news publications.

Unless you have acquired something to make robbery an inducement, the burglar will not visit your home; and you may safely go to bed at night, leaving the door unlocked. The poor have little to fear from the criminal class. The gunman confines his operations to his own class, to the police, or to those who oppose him.

Labor organizations and agitators seldom create anything more serious than a riot, and . the power of government has always been able to control it. To go beyond the point of riot requires finances which the poor do not possess. So far as I have been able to learn, no working class, unaided, has ever overthrown a government.

The French Revolution found leadership in - the bourgeois, or middle class. They in turn were overthrown by a more radical element.

. In Russia, the Nihilists, many thousands of

whom were sent to Siberia, were of the educated class. The Kerensky revolt, which over' threw the Russian monarchical government, was of the educated and business classes. The present government is more radical, but it would not stand for a month if it depended alone upon the industrial workers of the country.

Mr. Skeffington, of the Department of Justice, recognized a dangerous element. When he learned that a law had been passed which gave him power to arrest Reds, he declared that the Harvard College radicals were the ones that he was after. Fortunately the country was not ready to deny Americans citizens their rights.

He recognized a danger in intelligent, inde- ’ pendent, and progressive thought.

The greatest danger that can come from any -J class will be found in the opulent, aggressive J business element which, continually seeking gain, creates conditions that in time become unbearable. Sitting, like spiders, in sumptuous business offices, they lay plans for revolutions and warfare through which they may gain con- 1 cessions and increase their wealth; for war and revolution will be financed anywhere that there x. is a prospect for a financial return.

The American Sugar Trust admitted before

a Congressional Commission' that it financed

the Cuban revolt, which preceded the Spanish

War, to the. amount of $40,000. We have not

learned who financed the Jameson raid in South

Africa; but the English people paid for the at-

tempt in blood and money. The great war in JE

Europe was brought on by business friction; and none of the workers, who are now paying the bills, had any voice as to whether it should be or should not be.

The Anarchist plotting in his room is a trifling matter. He lacks the money necessary to conduct war, and the greatest number of people that he is likely to kill will be limited to half a dozen; while the wily plotter who has a backing risks only his money, and may be .guilty of the murder of thousands. Individually, men may be dangerous, but only insomuch as they are able to furnish ideas which cannot be combatted, and which may be more deadly than the methods now employed.

Colonel William A. Gaston, who has just returned from Europe, says that over there they are preparing for another war. He also says that there are about 30,000 American tourists doing Europe, and that their average expenses are about $100 per day. It is no new thing for the exploiters of American brawn and muscle to squander fortunes abroad and to return loaded with junk of every description, bought of European misrepresenters at fabulous prices; while American industries languish, and weary seekers for an opportunity to labor throng the highways.

An interesting case is that of a neighbor of mine, a foreigner. With care, courtesy, and attention he has been able to attract a small trade, which in a fair degree of comfort supports a wife and six small children. Speculative buying has become a craze; and the property which he rented, with its little business, offered opportunity for a profitable investment. He has been ordered out. The purchaser does not need the good will, and does not pay for it. He puts in a new stock, and continues the business of which he has robbed another. The landlord who owns the house where the neighbor lives has also ordered the family to vacate; and he with the family is likely to be of the unemployed.

Meanwhile, the exploiters spend millions abroad, rents are going up, wages they are trying to bring down, and a general condition of dissatisfaction prevails. Where building is going on, the houses erected are not for the working class; and a tenement at a price that a worker can afford to pay is not to be found. Housing commissions do what they can do to protect the public, but property holders have rights which cannot be ignored.

The dangerous class of today is to be found in the ranks of the aggressive business class, who, after having run things to the limit, and having created a condition that neither they, nor anyone else can endure, will cry, “It is time for a change!” These, in order that they may continue to rule, will become self-appointed heroes to save the people. So, here as elsewhere, history is making ready to repeat itself.

Lack of Appreciation By 'James E. Fuller

LET US look back ten, twenty, or thirty years and remember our school days. How often teacher used to ask us to write an essay; and, even if we were permitted to choose our own subject, what a task it seemed! We knew that flowers were beautiful to look at, smell, or touch; we knew that they had roots, stems, leaves, and that they required planting, hoeing, and watering. We had often seen the big locomotive engine, and. knew that it required coal, water, and steam to make it move; that it had six or eight big wheels and a “cow-catcher” and couplers to couple or connect the cars it pulled along behind; yet to our young minds how hard it was to write this down.

But now we find ourselves “grown-ups”; and yet, were we to sit down and try to write an es-gay on current events or the signs of the times or to begin to count our many blessings one by one, how far could we proceed?

Many have not the talent to enumerate their blessings and privileges in writing or even to tell them to others, but surely one and all can render to God heartfelt thanks that they are living now, and that through the changing scenes of life with the many labor-saving devices coming forth, they can begin to see a silver lining to the gloomy cloud which for so long has kept the world in darkness and ignorance. And as the knowledge of the Lord goes forth, revealing the whys and wherefores of all the sin and pain, sickness, sorrow and death of the past, let us one and all show our appreciation and confess the great God and Creator of all things.

For some time I have been one of your sub scribers, and can assure you that I do enjoy The Golden Age and do look forward for each issue. I wish to thank you, on behalf of all who contribute, from time to time, for the light received and comfort wrought. I honestly believe The Golden Age to be one of the channels which the Lord is using to reveal the hidden things, both temporal and spiritual; and I believe that we are living in the last days when truth shall come to rule and when hidden things shall be revealed. — Matthew 10:26, Mark 4: 22; Luke 8:17; 12:2.

I rejoice to see that there are others who appreciate The Golden Age and the articles you publish; and no doubt it is encouraging to receive such letters. But, Mr. Editor, do you ever receive any “knocks”? Does everyone agree that The Golden Age is doing a good work and helping to increase knowledge along economic, financial, moral, physical, mental, scientific, and religious lines, and setting forth not only the cause of the present world unrest, but its cure and ultimate recovery and restoration? Tell me, do you get any “slams” or “knocks” from the ecclesiastical humbugs, and the financial bigbugs that would like to see The Golden Age stopped, or at least censored to their likings?

One can imagine how some who have read the “Go to Church, thou Fool” articles would like to throttle the good work being done. Darkness and light never did agree. Nor do justice and injustice. None who cherish self, error, darkness, etc., could or would agree that The Golden Age is doing a noble, splendid, enlightening work.

Have you, dear reader, heard the glad tidingi that millions now living will never die, that the.^ *.. prayer so long offered up, “Thy kingdom come, • Thy will be done in earth” (Matthew 6:10; Luke 11:2) is being fulfilled right now, and that those in their graves will soon hear our Lord’s voice and come forth? Have you heard this before? What do you say? Surely, yes. And do you believe it? Surely I do. Well, have you done your little bit and told the glad tidings to some other poor soul who has not yet heard it? All have some dear friends who would like a gift or who would appreciate a good turn done. Do not wait till they are on their sick beds, when your thought may be diverted to some fruit or flowers; do not wait till death may claim them. Do your friends a real good turn now Give The Golden Age for a year; but if you cannot afford to do this, lend or give your own copy, and if you have not even one friend to give it to, leave it on the seat in the street car, xrain, ferry, or boat. Some dear one very much distressed may be seeking for just the message that it contains. Even in this way, small as it may seem in your estimation, you are using a privilege offered; and an added blessing will surely follow.

Do not burn or destroy a single issue. You’ve read it and been blessed. You believe the Lord is using it to spread the truth and to uncover error and superstition. So don’t hoard the copies up in drawers, boxes, or trunks, but pass them along, and thus show that you are not lacking in appreciation of one of the best ways open for spreading a knowledge of the truth.

The Unit of Value By a. h. Kent

IN Golden Age Number 65, page 363, paragraph 5, Mr. H. N. Branch says: “Marx and Engels issued the great postulate that the worker is entitled to ‘production cost,’ his entire product or its equivalent in other products in exchange; but the failure to demonstrate to the worker a method or rule by which he could correctly define and verify ‘production cost’ left him stranded.” Now Mr. Branch infers that he has just such a rule or method; and if he will give it with a practical illustration or demonstration, we shall be interested and will consider it.

Page 364, paragraph 3, reads: “A surveyor or bridge contractor can take a blue-print of details and determine the exact 'production cost’ or labor value of a bridge of defined character.” Now, Mr. Branch, do these people use your method or rule? But if this is not what you found, please let us have the latest.

Page 363, paragraph 2, states: “The product or value is the exact equivalent of the energy employed in its production.” Will he verify this statement? How does it harmonize with the fact that of two cords of wood having the same labor cost, one might be elm and another hickory? In the case of hundreds of other articles where the commercial value and labor expense

|r will not agree, will he further explain how his proposed currency will correctly define both ; “labor expense” and quality of such products, how such can be priced so that each will rei ceive equal currency for his labor and labor 9 equivalent for his currency?

On page 364, paragraph 2, we read: “A ~ standard is the sum total ,of all units of its kind oi* class.” We ask why all units of a kind or class, measured or unmeasured, should he called a standard.

Page 363, paragraph 4, reads: “I assert that the discovery of the standard of social values is the exact equivalent of all other discoveries.” We ask why, in what way, the discovery that all social values are and always have been the standard of value is of such importance, even if there is such a standard? But what we want to know and are trying to find out is if Mr. Branch can determine the commercial value of products to any degree of accuracy by l.-ibor cost and how he does it. (Please use some product where the grades vary to a considerable extent, as an illustration.) Or if he can measure value in any other way than by inspection, and analysis, or actual tests. (I mean their value for use or service.) Should not ' price graduate with value?

' If there are such voluminous standards as “all of labor,” “all of value,” why confound the two? What reason is there for using the terms

“labor expense” and “value” as equivalents when they cannot be made to graduate one. with the other? Again, in what way will the proposed labor certificates function differently than now do our gold certificates after which they are patterned? and by what will they be redeemed? Mr. Branch understands that an average can be used with fairness only under certain conditions, and that any exchange system, or price, must recognize the value for use of the products bartered.—Golden Age Number 65, page 363, paragraph 4. >.

We ask these questions with all candor. They are questions that must occur to the minds of many readers. If Mr. Branch has answers to them, we wait his pleasure to reply in his own concise, scholarly way. His writings in the Golden Age contain many self-evident truths, much of value on finance, standardization of labor and products, which to our mind are the most important questions before the world today. If any nation is saved from impending disaster, surely it will be the nation that cleans up and institutes a system so that men can work, and men, women, and children can eat, and wear comfortable clothes, and be properly housed.

Of what use are abundant crops, warehouses full of materials and goods, under an abominable system that stops everything until the plunderer passes through and corrals his spoils?

The Standard of Value By J. H. Morrison

Mb. H. E. Branch states in The Golden Age that “labor is the standard of value,” and Mr. B. F. Grossell states that “gold is the standard of value.”

I do not agree with these statements and ask that you allow me space in your valuable 'Journal to give some of my reasons why the market price is the true standard of value.

If we wish to sell anything, whether it be labor products or property, we must accept the market price, and if we desire to purchase anything we must pay the market price. But Mr. Branch states: “Price is not value.” True, price is not real value, but the price, money, or credit we receive in exchange for the labor products or property which we sell is legal value, and the amount of money we receive determines the amount of useful things of real value we can

get for our use or benefit in exchange for the money thus received. Hence the market price is the real standard which determines the amount of value or useful things produced by others that we may get and enjoy in exchange for the surplus labor products or^property which we produce or have for sale.

Then price or money is legal value, but it is always exchangeable in the markets at our option for real value at the market price.

Labor is not real value; it is the products of labor that possess real values, and the amount of money received in exchange for labor performed for others always determines the amount of real value the laborer can get in exchange for the labor performed.

Labor does not always produce value; inefficient labor will often spoil valuable mate*

\ J

rial and thus cause a loss instead of producing value, and efficient labor may also be performed in preparing and seeding land, but lack of moisture or some other cause may prevent the maturing of the crop. Hence the labor produces no value.

Labor usually produces value, but the market price always determines the amount of useful things we can get in exchange for our labor products or property.

Because of this fact laborers organize into unions to advance the market price of labor. Manufacturers organize into trusts to raise the market price of their products; and the farmers organize into associations to raise the market price of their products.

All values must be estimated and compared in numbers, taking the market price expressed in legal numbers as a basis for such estimation.

To illustrate: Suppose you desire to purchase ten dozen eggs and the market price of eggs is twenty-five cents per dozen. We estimate the price of the eggs by multiplying the number of eggs by the market price per dozen, thus: 10 x 25 equal 250, and we find that the eggs are worth 250 in official numbers or cents. Then we simply point off the number obtained decimally, thus dividing it by one hundred, and read it $2.50. Thus we find that we must give pieces of money having their value expressed by the official numbers 250 in exchange for the eggs. And in this manner all transactions small or great are estimated and compared for settlement.

Our legal number or unit of comparison is the number one hundred, and we call it dollar. Hence we estimate and compare all values in hundreds or dollars and fractions thereof.

Official numbers are the numbers officially printed or stamped on pieces of metal and paper by4 our Government, which indicate the official value or denomination of each piece of metal and paper thus issued. These pieces of metal and paper we call money.

Money is official national credits in favor of the holder, issued in convenient form and suitable denominations to be conveniently carried and transferred in settlement of accounts and in exchanges between individuals.

Then when we deliver money in settlement of debt or in exchange, we simply transfer an amount of national credit-bearing official numbers exactly equal to the value of the debt cancelled or the products, property or labor ceived, and the money thus transferred be®* comes at once a legally collectable credit in' favor of the parties who receive or hold it.

Then it is evident that when we receive money in satisfaction of debt or in exchange for products, property or labor that the money received does not constitute our pay any more than a credit slip delivered to us by a merchant in exchange for products would constitute pay. But as we all know, when we deliver the credit slip to the merchant and receive goods equal to the value of the credit, the goods received constitute our pay. And it is the same with money when we exchange our money in the markets for the things we desire; the things received in exchange for the money constitute our pay.

Then it is evident that money does not pay debt; but when money is delivered in satisfaction of debt, the debtor is released because the

money he delivers transfers the debt from himself to the market for payment or collection. J

A true definition of money—Money is legal, ]

national, transferable credit in favor of the 1 holder, which is always due and collectable at the option of the holder, through being legally exchangeable for anything desired from the ‘Ujjl market at the market price equal to the value of the money held anywhere in the country -j which issues the money. * J

Then the real purpose of money is to trans- j fer and balance accounts between individuals, also between individuals and the state by transferring these official credits issued offici- o 1 ally on pieces of metal and paper each having its value expressed in i umbers.

The same in effect as a mercantile company ] which can safely and justly issue credits in J exchange* for desirable useful products delivered to them at the market price, so it is also ' gj evident that any government can safely and justly issue and deliver money or national *

credits in exchange for useful service in con- i

st ruction of public utilities at the market price of such service, or in exchange for public utilities already constructed at their market value, t or in exchange for government indebtedness -at its face value. For the government would thus receive equivalent values for the benefit of •’

all the people, or as many dollars worth of .

useful value at the market price as it would thus issue and deliver dollars worth of national

credits or dollars worth of money. Then the parties who' supplied the useful values to the government would be justly entitled to collect their pay for the things they delivered to the government by exchanging the money they received in our markets for as many dollars worth of the things they desire at the market price as they have received dollars worth of money from the government.

GOLD STANDARD

There is no such thing as gold standard of value in a general way; gold has a fixed market price because all the leading nations have legally provided that they will issue a certain amount of money on a fixed quantity of gold, which is simply fixing a legal price on gold, and this is the only reason why gold does not fluctuate in the market. If all the nations should fix a legal price on any other certain product and agree to take all that could be produced, such product would not fluctuate in the market any more than gold does at present.

Then it is evident that gold is not the standard of value, but gold simply has a legally fixed market price while all other products must compete in the markets for a price and find a market if they can; hence, the market price or standard of value of all other products must

fluctuate until we have a legally fixed price on everything produced. , w

Gold is not even a just or proper basis for the issue of money; for when our Government prints money on gold the legal value of the metal used is equal to the legal value of the money it retains, hence, is as disastrous in effect as if our Government should insist on having each Government bond and each postage stamp it issues printed on an amount of gold equal in value to the bond or stamp issued on it.

How long do you think a business concern would last that would issue its credits on gold-leaf equal in value to the credits issued?

ft is evident that the only service the gold, on which money is issued, performs is to retain tin? official stamp and numbers printed on it in a readable and transferable form, a service which paper will perform much better than gold. Besides it is certain that no people can afford to buy gold on which to print its national credits any more than a business concern could afford to buy gold to make books on which to keep its accounts; for money is simply a national method for keeping and transferring accounts in an official and legal manner.

The Strike at Credits By J. h. Coyle

IN AN interview by the New York World of June 15, Col. Smith Brookhart of Iowa, lately nominated for the United State's Senate, says: “The arbitrary restriction of agricultural credit in 1920 by the Federal Reserve Bank was a credit or money strike that did the farmers more damage than all the industrial strikes in the history of the country.”

This is a remarkable statement; but it comes from an honest, fearless man, and is a further verification of the published statements of the Golden Age of several months ago in which you clearly showed that the hard times, the unemployment and distress, were caused by the Federal Reserve Bank system.

I rise to inquire: Bid the gentle reader first read of this crushing of the people by the money power in the Literary Digest, in the American, in McClures, in Munseys, or in any of the popular magazines? No, indeed; they were silent—entirely silent! To the Golden Age belongs the credit of fearless truth-telling; it is a great magazine; it stands alone; it has no peer; dealing with the world's most vital problems it towers above all other magazines; it is a God-given champion of the people I

Russian Debts

is

riYHK Soviets of Russia agree to pay off all J- th€F61d debts of the Czar, but demand of the ^.llies 50,000,000,000 rubles—damages because/of foreign intervention. This sum is mqre than double the amount of Russia’s debts

to the Allies. Russia is entitled to damages. The blockade imposed on Russia causing the fearful famine — with cannibalism — and in which our own Administration took part, should be paid for.

Transportation — Past and Present (Contributed)

IN THE following article we have endeavored to give a reliable comparison, and to trace the development of carriage or transportation, from' the earliest periods at which data are available down to the present day, being as brief as the largeness of the subject would permit, and confining our findings to land conveyances alone.

Within the scope of the word “carriage” comes a vast variety of forms of conveyance —all vehicular structures employed for the purposes of transport of merchandise, movable goods and human beings. Such vehicles are generally mounted on wheels, but the sledge and the litter are types of the exception to * this rule. In its narrower application, however, the term is restricted to include just such vehicles as are used for the conveyance of persons and are drawn by horses; in its wider sense, tram-cars, motor-cars, sleeping-cars of railways, and the state carriages of royal personages are included.

EGYPTIAN, GREEK AND ROMAN VEHICLES

Glancing back for a moment or two to the period of antiquity, we find that a wheeled carriage appears to have been in very general use in Egypt at an early period, called a car or chariot; in the Bible the word is usually translated “chariot.” The bodies of these chariots were small and built for speed. They were also narrow and thus suited to the narrow streets of Eastern cities, and to mountain roads often only four feet wide. From Egypt the use of chariots spread into other countries. We read that King David took 700 chariots from the kings of Syria. Solomon had 1,400 chariots, and his merchants supplied surrounding countries with them at the price of 600 shekels or about $240 each. Ancient Nineveh and Babylon employed chariots for hunting as well as for war.

Alexander the Great, king of Macedon, invading Asia, was met on the banks of the river Indus by King Porus, in whose army, we are told, were many elephants and several thousand chariots. . . . After Alexander’s death a funeral car was prepared to convey his body— a car, perhaps, never excelled in the annals of coach-building. It was designed by the architect Hieronymus, took two years to build, was eighteen feet long by twelve feet wide, mounted on four massive wheels, and drawn by sixty- i 740

four mules eight abreast. Its form of structure \ was that of a platform with a lofty roof sup-; ported by eighteen columns profusely adorned ' with draperies, gold, and jewels. Around the ' edge of the roof was a row of golden bells; in the centre of the platform was a throne; before the throne was the coffin, around which t were the weapons of war and the armor which Alexander had used.

The Romans established the use of carriages as a private means of conveyance, and with them carriages attained a great variety of forms as well as richness of ornamentation. The question of good roads also received their close attention, and the construction of the Appian Way about 331 B. C., has supplied us with one of the most noted memorials of antiquity. This road is in good condition today.

EARLY BRITISH VEHICLES

Tin' ancient Britons used a car for war-like purposes which was different from the Roman pattern. It was open in front instead of behind, with a pole, flat and broad, extended between the horses, so that the rider could walk along and drive from the front if necessary.

Upon the introduction of the feudal system, the use of carriages was prohibited on the ground that they tended to render vassals unfit for military service. At that time men of all grades and classes rode on horses or mules— monks and women on she-asses. Horseback was the general mode of travel. In this manner great lords made their public entry into cities.

Covered carriages were first introduced in the beginning of the fifteenth century, but were confined to ladies of the first rank; it was accounted a reproach fdr men to ride in them, and so it sometimes happened that electors and princes excused their non-attendance at state meetings on the plea that ill-health made it inadvisable for them to ride on horseback.

At Paris in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and even the sixteenth centuries, French monarchs rode commonly on horses, servants of the court on mules, and the princesses and principal ladies sometimes on asses. Persons even of the highest rank often sat behind their equerry on the same horse. It is recorded that in 1550 there were only three carriages in Paris—all belonging to royalty and nobility. .

When Richard II of England was forced to flee from his rebellious subjects, about the year 8

sr

' «’■1922 t>* GOLDEN AQE 74T

X;51399, he and all his followers were on horse-back, while his mother alone used a carriage. The oldest carriages in England were known Br as’ “chares,” “cars,” “chariots,” “carroaches,” Mfe and “whirlicotes.” The first coach in England If: was made in 1555 by one Walter Rippon, who K- also made one for Queen Alary in 1556, and one for Queen Elizabeth in 1564. Coaches of E the type now properly so-called were first | known in England about 1580, being introduc-\ ed from Germany.

By the beginning of the seventeenth century the use of coaches in England had become sufficiently prevalent to move Parliament in 1601 to introduce a bill “to restrain the excessive use of coaches.” The bill, however, was defeated. Their use told severely on the occupation of the Thames watermen, and a man named Taylor, who was a waterman and a poet, complained of it thus:

“Carroaches, coaches, jades and Flanders mares Do rob us of our shares, our wares, our fares. Against the ground we stand and knock our heels, .■ Whilest all our profit runs away on wheels.”

g But notwithstanding the sneers of wits and watermen, coaches became so common that , early in the seventeenth century there were estimated to be 6,000 in London and suburbs; and after this the modern conceptions of car-■ riage building began to appear. Steel springs were first used in 1670—straps having been used previously. In 1804 Obadiah Elliott received a gold medal from the Society of Arts for the invention of hanging vehicles on ellip-. tical springs. 5.- ‘

- - PUBLIC CARRIAGES

5 . Then came public carriages for hire. The y - stage-coach, with seats outside and in, was the chief mode of public conveyance in England F during and after the sixteenth century, and jp before the advent of railways these had regu-& lar routes or “stages” all over the country. It These vehicles were utilized by the govern-ment to carry mails from 1784 on; and thus the f term "mail-coach” came to be attached to them. K Similar vehicles were also used on the European continent and in America about this - time. **

The^riving of coaches with four horses was a task in which considerable skill was required, and English literature is full of the difficulties and humors of "the road” in olden days. A form of sport thus arose for the gentry and nobility; and after the introduction of.railways had made the coach an obsolete factor through' necessity, the old sport of coaching for pleasure still survived, though only to a limited extent. However, in various parts of England, Europe and America, public coaches still have their regular times and routes for those who enjoy this mode of travel. The idea of “driving’" was responsible for the use of the terms “coach” and “coaching” to mean tutor or train-er for examinations or athletic contests.

The earliest railway vehicles for passengers were merely road-coaches of that period adapted to run on rails, and the expression "coach- * ing-traffic” is still used in England to denote traffic carried in passenger trains. We are told that in 1673 there were stage-coaches running from London to York, Chester and Exeter, each having forty horses on the road and each carrying six inside passengers. The coach took eight days in traveling to Exeter—175 miles. In 1754 a coach was started from Manchester called “the flying coach” which was advertised to reach London in four and one-half days. In 1784 coaches became universal at the speed of about eight miles per hour.

RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT

Turning our attention to railroads we find that the first horse-railroad was built in America in 1826. These railways had their origin in the tram-ways or wagon-ways which, at least as early as the middle of the sixteenth century, were used in the mineral districts pf Newcastle, England. A wooden railway was in existence near Bath, England, in 1734. The iron railway was known for half a century before its desirability for the carriage of general merchandise was realized. In 1813 William Hedley budt a steam locomotive and named it “Puffing Billy”; it was used only for hauling coal near Newcastle; and in the following year George Stephenson's first engine, the “Blucher,” drew a train of eight loaded wagons weighing thirty tons at four miles per hour. The steam locomotive, therefore, is an invention mainly of the last hundred years.

From the year 1820 railways and steam locomotives began to make rapid progress. The first known railway authorized by British Parliament was in 1821. Animal power was at first proposed; but upon the advice of Stephenson, its engineer, steam-engines were substituted. The railway operated between Stockton and Darlington. At its opening performance on September 27th, 1825, a train of thirty-four vehicles, making a gross load of about ninety tons, was drawn by one engine driven by Stephenson, with a signalman on horseback in advance. The train moved off at the rate of ten miles an hour and attained a maximum of fifteen miles on favorable parts of the line. A train weighing ninety-two tons could be drawn by one engine at the rate of five miles per hour.

The principal business of the new railway was the conveyance of minerals and goods; but from the first, passengers insisted on being carried, and on October 10th, 1825, the company began to run a daily coach called the “Experiment,” carrying six inside and from fifteen to twenty outside, making the return journey of forty miles in two hours. The fare was one shilling, and each passenger was allowed to take baggage not exceeding fourteen pounds in weight.

Other small lines soon appeared, but the Liverpool & Manchester Railway, which was opened in 1830, was the first to impress the national mind with the ponderous fact that a revolution in the methods of traveling had really taken place. And further, it was for it that the first highspeed locomotive was invented and constructed. The directors having offered a prize of £500 for the best engine, trials were held on a finished portion of the line in 1829, and three engines took part—the “Rocket” of George and Robert Stephenson, and two others called the “Novelty"’ and the “Sans-pareil.” The last two broke down under trial, but the “Rocket” fulfilled the conditions and won the prize.

The main features of the steam locomotive were thus established, and its subsequent development is chiefly a history of gradual increase in size and power, and of improvement in design. In America the development of the locomotive dates from almost the same time as in England. The first one built here was in 1830. It is reported to have hauled forty or fifty passengers in four or five cars at a speed of from sixteen to twenty-one miles per hour. After a few months of life it was blown up, its attendant, annoyed by the sound of the escaping steam, having fastened down the safe

ty-valve. This one had a vertical boiler an<Tv was carried on four wheels. - w

The following decades saw the “railway mania” and by 1840 there was a mileage of 1331 miles in Great Britain. In the United States progress was more rapid, there being 200,000 miles of track in 1900. A railway line 3 across tbo North American continent from the S Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean was first W

completed in 1869, being 1,848 miles long, and |

running through a country then for the most part uninhabited. But these lines have been J dwarfed since J 891 by the Siberian Railway ‘ ' built by the Russian government across the ■ entire continent of Asia, a distance of 4,073 *

miles. At the close of 1907 there were approxi- .

mately 601,808 miles of railway in the world, ; of which over half was in America. s

Passenger carriages, as previously mentioned, were originally modeled after the stagecoaches which they superseded. Early exam- ' pies of these had bodies about fifteen feet long, six and one-half feet wide and four feet nine j inches high, divided into three compartments, | and holding eighteen persons in all. The dis-tinetion into classes was made almost as soon ' as the railways began to carry passengers. ' Those who paid the highest fares were provided with covered vehicles, on the roofs of which their luggage was carried. They had the privilege of booking their seats in advance. 1 Those who traveled at the cheaper rates had 1 at the beginning to be content with open carriages, having little or no protection from the ;

weather. However, by the middle of the nine-

teenth century second-class passengers had begun to enjoy “good glass windows and cushions on the seats.”

■ .. -I •

MODERN RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION

■

Today the cost of constructing one first-class standard passenger car, such as is used on the Pennsylvania Railroad, is over $5,000. The 4 largest locomotives today require over three "■ tons of coal before they pull out of the round- j house to make their trips, and over five tons gj can be carried on the tender. The water tank will hold well over 4,000 gallons, and the total weight of the engine proper exceeds 100,000 ■ | pounds. The maintained speed of these giants t with a full complement of passenger coaches trailing behind is often sixty miles per hour.

Thus we have endeavored to trace something .

F - - '

. so. 1922 QOLDEN AQE 749

iJ* of the subject of carriage, or transportation, through its deeply interesting course of development along the pathway of many centuries from the earliest known periods down to our day. By far the most rapid period of this de; velopment has been, as we have heretofore mentioned, within the last century—more exclusively within the last fifty years. Our day in this respect as well as in many others is without parallel in earth’s history. Everybody F knows that, stimulated by printing, there has been a greater development of knowledge along every line within the past century than during the preceding fifty-nine centuries. Everybody knows that the telegraph, telephone, wireless, electric lights, gas lights, steam roads, electric roads, machinery and conveniences of our day were all unknown a century ago.

The first steamboat was operated in 1807; the first reaper in 1831; the first telegraph in 1844; yet today thousands of mammoth and luxurious cars and steamships are carrying , multitudes hither and thither “to and fro.” The J prophet Daniel, speaking by inspiration, said 11 . that “in the time of the end many shall run to

£•' and fro and knowledge shall be increased”; and

■ _ . we have this prophecy fulfilled before our eyes. Here we conclude the matter. So active has been the inventive genius of man during the i past half-century that the media for running - to and fro are exhausted; for mankind are now traveling over the earth and under the earth, over the water and under the water, and through the air.

But although we know this rapid development to be a fact, it seems almost incomprehensible to the rising generation; for, as we count time by little days of twenty-four hours, fifty years is a long while and these things seem to have come gradually. However it be, but few yet realize that these things are foregleams of a better day—the Golden Age—to follow “the time of the end” of this order of things. The Bible declares the coming glory of earth in no uncertain terms; when God shall make the place of His feet glorious; when the whole earth shall be a Paradise of God. Our great scientists, who give no heed to the Bible, testify that present attainments are as nothing to what is just at hand.

“In the time of the end many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased.” Are we not in the midst of the running to and fro which this prophecy predicted? Is not the Bible being fulfilled? Who can dispute the facts? What do they signify? We answer that they exactly corroborate the divine description of that part of earth’s history in which “the God of heaven will set up his kingdom” for the “blessing of all the families of the earth.” ’

The kingdoms of men are passing. The kingdom of heaven is at hand. Lift up your heads, ye suffering masses; for millions now living will never die.

Letters from Prisoners Tty R. H. Cahoon

I ENJOYED the rare privilege of addressing „ about 300 prisoners in the Huntsville, Tex.,

*• Penitentiary. I have since* received several en-L couraging letters from the prisoners and ap-

* pend excerpts:

t- “Not being able to meet you personally, I will use

s what means I have to get acquainted, and such means Ifc will have to be through the medium of correspondence. B “My object in writing this letter is to thank you for

■ 'the address delivered by you to us, and also to tell you eK how much your address impressed me as to the true tfc meaning of the Bible. Before Sunday, I did not think ' the’tfeok we call the Bible had any meaning to it what; soever; but since then I have changed my mind and wiB try to make a study and get a thorough knowledge

. •£ it.

, ~ “I am, respectfully, D. A. Strong.”

r ■ !'

sr

“No doubt you will be somewhat surprised to get a letter from a. man who is serving a sentence in prison. Put I feci that I know you well, as I had the pleasure of hearing you on your trip to Huntsville. That is why I am taking this privilege of writing you. Should you ever come near us and not pay us a visit we would be disappointed, as there are about sixty white men here at present. There are things I would like to say, but cannot explain in writing as I am a poor composer.

“Bill Mills.”

In closing will say that I have been making efforts to secure permission to deliver another lecture at the prison, but thus far have failed. Very likely the minister that interrupted our service has prejudiced the Chaplain’s mind against us.

Miscellaneous Items of Interest By Ii. D. Barnes

Presidential Terms

MB. HARDING- wants the president's term extended to six years with no reelection.

While we have no political preferences, we have an interest in people and may, perhaps, express an opinion. Presidents (-an go far enough in any direction in four years. The expectation of a second term doubtless restrains some from going the limit in a wrong course. With a six-year term and no come-back, nothing to fear, a bold reactionaire could go far in a wrong course. Four years, without a doublegear recall for safety first, is long enough to give political tools in the president's office.

President Harding knows he never can be reelected. He is now on the Wilhelm-Wilson toboggan and he will be as unpopular at the end of his term as Tumulty-Wilson is today. Wilson and Harding have both betrayed their trust. Air. Wilson's solemn pretenses to keep us out of war when he knew that a group of promoters were dragging the nation into it, and his secret mission and servile toadying to the pope of Rome, etc., have destroyed his influence once for all. Harding’s steadfast opposition to the League of Nations and his final yielding to foreign influence have destroyed any hopes that he may have of reelection.

Bryan and the Monkeyites

William J. Bryan is causing consternation in the ranks of the monkeyites. It is queer how some people insist on having monkey progenitors. Perhaps the monkey-like tendency to foolishness and apish mannerisms has something to do with it. But how much more beautiful, reasonable, and acceptable the Bible statement that “God formed man of the dust of the ground, and blew into his nostrils the breath of lives; and man became a living being.” Adam was a direct creation made in the Creator’s image.

The monkeyites are in for it. Air. Darwin, the first one to discard his tail and wear tailor-made clothing and assume the title of LL. D., could never find the “missing link.” No one ever has seen a monkey in the transition stage; no one ever has seen a fish leave the water and develop wings, legs or toes.

With the exception of Air. Darwin, no monkey has ever been known to shed his coat of

750 hair and develop a noser a forehead, and; * brain with moral and reflective organs. Air. Darwin. LL. D., is the alpha and the omega in this performance. Of course, this is a joke on Mr. Darwin; but seriously, if monkeys had developed up from protoplasm and maggoty and i' -om fish to fowl, in the long centuries past, why do we not now find monkeys merging out of monkeydom into manhood? Why do monkeys insist on being monkeys only?

Why admit that there has been a change in the now inflexible law of nature, to wit, that “like begets like”? The species are unalterably fixed, “each after its kind,” as designed by an ?Jl-wise Creator. One exception to this law is in the process of nulling, but here the process ends; for, as all know, these animals do not propagate. Then by careful breeding some have developed new varieties of pigeons, but these must be kept separate from the common variety, or else they soon return to nature’s level.

The Darwinian theory of evolution has done ; much to destroy faith in a personal Creator and in the Bible as His revelation. Away with ‘ it! Adam, instead of being one remove from ' ? a nnmkey, was a perfect man with no equal ’• ’■ except in the man Jesus. '

Bobbed Hair '•

/CHICAGO women, to the number of 3,500, 'o' are said to have their hair bobbed each day. The advocates of bobbed hair are plentiful. Some great writers are urging it on the grounds that hours are wasted in dressing the hair. It is safe to say that those who bob their hair to save time do so that they may spend it on the streets or in worthless amusements.

A man known as St. Paul, who lived in the first century, A. D., and wrote a large portion of a book called the New Testament, and believed to be divinely inspired, wrote something about woman’s hair. He says: “If a woman have long hair it is a glory to her; for her hair is given her for a covering.” Woman’s hair has (-ver been her greatest treasure of personal adornment. However, it resolves itself into the question, What length should long hair be, and how much it should cover? We hope that no young lady will give up her pretty locks on the advice of a faddist.

A Horrible Injustice in Canada By F. E. Koob

"VrOUR articles in the Golden Age are much ...Jr appreciated and we hope and pray that the Lord may add strength to your arm and that your labor may not be in vain. Anyway, we have the Lord’s assurance that it will not be.— 1 Corinthians 15: 58.

While in the States there are many things done.in the name of the law that are a disgrace to that country, I think the enclosed clipping taken from the Winnipeg Free Press of about the same date, shows that your country has no monopoly on that sort of thing. The foundations of the world are indeed out of course or such things would not take place. I [owevcr, with faith in God’s Word, we are looking forward to the time when this groaning creation will no longer suffer injustice at the hands of the law, but will learn righteousness. (Isaiah 11:1-4; 26:8,9) The clipping follows:

LONELY PIONEER SEVERELY PROSECUTED

FORCED TO WALK 30 MILES TO FORT WILLIAM ON HOME BREW CHARGE

REVENUE OFFICERS FIND LIQUOR MADE FOR WIFEYS ACCOUCHEMENT

Fort William, February 20.—Three weeks ago a dog team and sleigh in charge of J. Covency, of the inland revenue department, and two troopers of the Fort William detachment of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, left Fort William and headed in the direction of the international boundary. Two weeks were spent breaking trails through heavy snow in weather that often sent the mercury down to 35 below. Calls were made at homes of settlers situated deep in the backwoods in Cloud Bay and Jarvis River countries, and each time the officers, upon the strength of a “blanket” warrant, issued by the inland revenue department, giving right of search, entered miserable homes where resided the struggling pioneers and-carried on a hunt for moonshine and equipment used in its manufacture.

As a result of the mid-winter trip, John Ceddar, an Austrian, who has a half-cleared farm, which he won from the wilderness in the neighborhood of Jarvis river, appeared in the police court this morning and was fined $300 and costs. A small jar of raisin mash was found in the Ceddar home. At the same time the police found Ceddar’s wife in a condition not calculated to eliminate anxiety from the minds of people living on a wilderness farm, miles from a neighborhood, and four feet of snow covering trails. A few days ago a new member arrived in Ceddar’s family of several small children.

Upon leaving the homestead the police left a summons for Ceddar to appear today in Ft. William police court. lie had a growing disbelief in the fairness of Canadian laws. Sunday, in obedience to the summons, the homesteader strapped snowshoes to his feet and commenced the 30-mile trek to Fort William. He arrived in court this morning ready to answer when his name was called.

Ue pleaded guilty to the charge of having a small quantity of mash in his house and explained in broken English he had made it the day before the police arrived. His wife was about to bring a new Canadian into the world, and they agreed that some liquor was required in the house. There would be no doctor at the ceremony, no white-gowned nurses, just John Ceddar and the juvenile members of the family. The liquor which he planned to make was to be used as a stimulant in case a stimulant was found necessary. There was no question of making it with any idea of selling, neighbors were too scarce and too far removed to make a liquor business profitable. •

Curbing the “Joint Committee” By Frank w. Busey

J:

JEFFERSON thought that he stretched the federal power to the utmost when he bought Louisiana. And in these days one can-■ not ship a keg of sauerkraut ten miles down the road unless some federal official has something to say about it.

In,this connection it might be well for the b - federal judiciary to dig around in their waste baskets and see if they can find a Constitution of the United States. If they can find it, they should note that the federal government has 751

absolutely no powers except what are expressly granted it by the states and the people.

There were no railroads in the country when the Constitution was written. Consequently* the framers thereof could not have had in mind that it would be wise to give the federal government power to regulate railroad rates. If it is necessary that the federal power have that right, let it be “so nominated in the bond.”

It is unwise to allow them to stretch the power “to regulate commerce between the

fc4"

states” to cover a situation that the framers of the Constitution could not have foreseen, especially when it comes to meddling with intra-state rates.

The federal power should have all the authority that is expressly and unequivocally granted it by the people and the sovereign states, and not one microcrith more. It is not a sovereign—just a joint committee of states with limited powers to act.

Help Wanted — Domestic (Contributed)

I SAT one evening in a little back bedroom of a palatial mansion in one of the city’s finest streets. Opposite me sitting on the bed (the room boasted only one chair and I occupied that) swinging her feet dolefully, was my dear friend Edna, erstwhile country girl and now maid-of-all-work in the aforesaid mansion.

…