Golden Age, May 10, 1922
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' May 10.1922. VoL m. Na. 69
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Tviamb 3 WEDNESDAY. MAY 10. 1922 NCMBEB 0*
CONTEMS af the GOLDEN AGE
LABO9 AND ECONOMICS Flrhting for Home and Wbat Is the Coal Contro-
Llbcrty —————489 versy About? -
In Prison for Two Cents 439 Propose to Destroy the Milla ’‘Manned” by Babes 439 Coion 493 Big Business Churches......490 Worked Less than Half
Ftei’Unilsm in New Ent- Time .....
lund ■-■ ...... .490 The Operators* Propagaa-
Tide is Turning...........491 da
What Theas Things Mean 491 Who Geta the Money? —...4011
SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL
Newton T. Hartshorn (Obituary) —-- - .— - --
Educational Failure at Home - ------ ---------
The Press tn Chains------------ ---------- -----
t FINANCE—COMMERCE—TRANSPORTATION The Church's Stand on Interest
Early Church Opposed Interest------ - ----
Apostate Churches Favor Interest - - _____
POLITICAL—DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN
Modern “Charity” va. Loro .---- . - —
Peace Times In Kentucky-----------------
Speaking to 100,000 at a
Time _____----------—.—483
Recent Achievements ta
Radiotelephony ...—.-.485
Cuba to California
Powerful Brondraating
Stations
SCIENCE AND INVENTION
Westinghouse Station at
Newark. N. J.
beeeiviug Stations 48? Difficulties and PoasibUL ties 48? Radio Possibilities____487
RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY
Bellamy's Prophecy Fulfilled __________________-
Bia Business against
Christ _________________-
In Defense of Evolution SOI
The Goal of Evolution
Studies in the “Harp of
God” —......—
Consummation of tho Age* (poem) , , X SIX
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to WOODWOBTB. BVDCUtGB tad MARTIN CLAYTON J. WOODWORTH.......LMltar
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of* Golden Age
Volume III Brooklyn* N. Y., Wednesday, May 10, 1922 Number 69
Speaking to 100,000 at a Time
THE LECTURE “MILLIONS NOW LIVING WILL NEVER DIE" BROADCASTED TO A VAST AND WIDELY SCATTERED ' AUDIENCE; FULFILLING THE LORDS PROPHETIC QUESTION TO JOB, "CANST THOU LIFT UP
THY VOICE TO THE CLOUDS; CANST THOU SEND LIGHTNINGS, THAT THEY MAY
, GO, AND SAY UNTO THEE, HERE WB ARE 1"—JOB 38:34,35.
HAD any one twenty years ago predicted that a man could talk to a hundred thousand people and be heard distinctly by all of them, no one would have believed him. Such a thing is now an accomplished fact
Easter Sunday, April 16, Judge Rutherford, President of the International Bible Students Association,was advertised to deliver his world-famous lecture, “Millions Now Living Will Never Die,” at the Metropolitan Opera House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mr. H. C. Kuser undertook to make arrangements for broadcasting this lecture from the auditorium. Arrangements were made with the Bell Telephone Company, and by the cooperation of Mr. Thomas F. J. Howlett, wireless expert operator, Mr. Kuser, who is a radio expert and electrical engineer, installed an apparatus in the Metropolitan Opera House. At three o'clock Judge Rutherford began his lecture and continued for an hour and fifty minutes. The opera house, with a seating capacity of 4,500, was packed.
The voice of the speaker was picked up by the super-sensitive microphone transmitter lo-categ on speaker’s stand on the platform and transferred over the local private wires of the Bell Telephone Company, through a system of voice amplification, to the Bell Telephone exchange and then out over three to four miles of wirt to the radio broadcasting station WGL on Nor^h Broad Street, and there again passed through a similar system of amplification. These ultra-amplified electrical voice-waves were then -conveyed to the transmitting circuit of the radio-telephone broadcasting equipment and there underwent an electrically phenomenal change in character. Having thus been changed from an electrical nature to an electro-magnetic nature of an extremely high frequency, oscillatory in action, the voice-waves were then passed on to the antenna and discharged into atmospheric space in the form of electro-magnetic waves, having a wave-length of 360 meters. This length of wave has an oscillatory frequency of approximately 875,000 oscillations per second, and travels ’at the rate of 186,000 miles per second, carrying with it the voice-signals, which were received by the instruments within a radius of 1,200 miles of Philadelphia, and probably much further out at sea.
In addition to the audience that packed the great auditorium, it is estimated by the radio experts that not less than 100,000 persons, and probably many more, heard the lecture.
For^ hours after the lecture had closed, the office of the radio transmitting station was besieged by calls from enthusiasts on the longdistance telephone from various parts, announcing that the voice came in so perfectly that they understood every word, and that the lecture was as clearly understood as if the hearers had been present at the opera house.
At Boaton
ABOUT the latter part of March the American.
Radio and Research Corporation, which maintains a large broadcasting station at Medford Hillside, Massachusetts, extended an invitation to Judge Rutherford to deliver his lecture “Millions Now Living Will Never Die” from
their station, which has a radius of upwards of a thousand miles. The invitation was accepted; and on the evening of April 10 the lecture was delivered at the station above mentioned, with splendid results, more than a hundred thousand people hearing on this occasion.
Chi February 26 there was a world-wide witness of all public speakers in all languages, by the International Bible Students Association, in which thousands of lectures were delivered in various parts of the world upon the subject “Millions Now Living Will Never Die” Judge Rutherford, President of the association, delivered the lecture on that occasion at the Trinity Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, and in addition thereto lectured for broadcasting from a private station the same day to approximately 25,000 people. On the Sunday following he again used the radio-telephone and spoke to a like number pf people on the resurrection.
Thus we see that in four separate lectures more than 250,000 people heard and heard distinctly. The hearers were delighted with the manner in which the voice came through, as well as being pleased and delighted with the message of glad tidings. We append hereto a few letters from those who heard the lecture in Southern California. It will be observed that in most instances there were several listeners at each receiving station.
The Sick Hear
Judge Rutherford
Kindness of Western Radio Corporation, 637 South Hope, Los Angeles.
Mt Dear Sir:—May I have the pleasure of expressing to you, as also the Western Radio, the entertaining and interesting value of your Sunday afternoon’ Radiophone lecture? With three sick ones in the house it would have been impossible for any of us to have heard you except through this means, even had you spoken in the next block. With a two-step and loud-speakexjiorn it was clearly audible all over the house, the modulation being very distinct.
With sincere thanks and until next Sunday for another we are,
Very sincerely, W, B. Ashford and family.
833 2^. Van Ness Avenue, Santa Ana, California.
Clear as though in Room
I wanted to tell you how well I heard your lecture Sunday afternoon by Radiophone. My set is very simple, * consisting only of a vario-coupler, variable condenser, fixed condenser, and crystal detector. I am located on the Palos Verdes Hills, about twenty-five miles south of Los Angeles; yet I heard you as plainly as though you were in the room. I expect to be listening for you next Sunday afternoon.—Mrs. L. A. Pangborn.
Lomita, California.
Almost Saw the Speaker
Myself and family “listened in” yesterday to youi lecture, and I must say that your argument was presented in a wonderful maimer, especially was your tone perfect, your enunciation clear, and while I presume there were no gestures, yet the words were so well timed and the inflections so clear, one could almost see the speaker. W> enjoyed it very much.—J. E. Naregah.
200 E. 5th, Cor. Los Angeles St, Los Angeles, Calif.
Heard All Over the House
The lecture yesterday came in with perfect modulation and could be heard all over the house. The lecturer delivered his address most admirably and proved his case if we accept his interpretation of the Scriptures.
—Chas. H. Morsb, Altadena, California.
Voice Distinct
Permit me to thank yoh for the privilege of listening to your very good lecture last Sunday afternoon by the aid of my radio receiving outfit. Your voice “came in” very distinctly, the modulation being perfect
I shall listen with pleasure to your lecture next Sunday afternoon.—O. E. Frazier.
138 ft^uth Aurora Avenue, Watts, California.
Boy Ihade the Instrument
I want to thank Judge Rutherford (through you) for his talk of yesterday, over the wire. Heard every word distinctly and enjoyed hearing his theories.
My son, fifteen years of age, has made his instruments which are successful; and we have the music, keep in touch with the weather, stock reports, etc.
Again thanking the Judge and asking him to tell us, if he talks again, where his book can be found.
—Electa S. Crams, 530 Wilshire Blvd., Santa Monica, California.
Greatly Impressed
We were greatly impressed with your sermon which we heard perfectly by wireless Sunday afternoon, and wish to express our sincere appreciation.—J. G. Richel.
217 E. 27th Street, Los Angeles, California.
Had Read the “Millions” Book
Permit me to report the success with which we received your lecture over the Radiophone from the Kine-ma Radiophone Station.
Have read your remarkable book, “Mallons Now Lining Will Never Die**. It was indeed a pleasure to listen
10-1923 * GOLDEN AGE 485
to inch an interesting talk. Regret that it was not possible to hear you during your public lecture; but you may be sure, we will be a part of your congregation next Sunday, when you speak to us again.
Trusting that this may be only one of a great many reports, and that those who intercepted your message were as interested as we down here.—Ralph U. Damon.
4775 Long Branch Ave., Ocean Beach, California,
Clearer Than if Present
Four people at my house listened to Judge Rutherford's speech Sunday afternoon through your radio station at the Kinema.
Please express our sincere appreciation to Judge Rutherford for his wonderful sermon.
Your transmitting outfit is certainly working in an excellent manner. We heard the speech clearer than we could have heard it had we been present in person to hear it.
Also w;e wish to express our thanks for your wireless concerts which we all enjoy very much.—Wm. J. Kank.
. 142 E. 66th Street, Los Angeles, California.
A Gathering of Fifteen
Mr. Eckard and Mr. Stenzinyer in behalf of ourselves and fifteen others assembled at Mr. Staeyns' last Sunday afternoon wish to thank you and the Western Radio Company for the fine sermon you gave us through the wireless. We surely enjoyed every word of it, and were able to hear it very plainly, also the music.
Watts, California,
Message was Good
I received your message over the wireless fine. There was no distortion in your voice. It came in here loud and clear, as if I were listening to you in person. Your message which you gave was very good, and it dawns upon me that perhaps you are right concerning those things of which you spoke. Glad to learn you are going to speak again next Sunday. Will be alistening.
—Harry L. Williams.
133 So. Jameson Street, Orange, California.
RecerttAchievements in Radiotelephony
THE development of radiotelephony is proceeding so rapidly at this writing that it is hard to give more than an approximate idea of what is being accomplished. The Edison General Electric Company, on March 24,1922, gave a concert Tit their Schenectady, New York, station that was heard perfectly at their Rock Ridge Station on the Pacific Coast.
The Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company maintains broadcasting stations at Springfield, Massachusetts; Newark, New
Jersey; East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Chicago, Illinois. From the station at East Pittsburgh concerts have been broadcasted which were heard perfectly at Edmonton, Alberta; Centralia, Washington; San Francisco, California; Los Angeles, California; Tucson, Arizona; Tampico, Mexico; Puerto Cortez, Honduras; The Canal Zone, Panama; Venezuela; Santo Domingo; Porto Rico; Halifax, Nova Scotia. Some of these points are over four thousand miles apart, and some of them are over three thousand miles from Pittsburgh.
From these various broadcasting stations concerts are given at the same hour nightly which are heard by vast audiences. All the instruments give their proper tones, except certain of the brasses; and subscribers or rather receivers, for many of them are amateurs and have made their own receiving instruments, tune out such broadcasting stations as they do not wish to hear, and tune in the one in whose program they are interested.
In Germany the broadcasting of stock exchange news, weather reports and other matters of general interest has so far progressed that the government is installing standard receiving instruments in all the principal banks and business houses throughout the country.
Cuba to California •
T Catalina Island, off the coast of California, there are two wireless telephone stations for public use to the mainland. These stations supply every day telephone service between Catalina Island and the mainland, so that a subscriber can call from his telephone on the island any number in Los Angeles or elsewhere. Not long ago a long-distance telephone conversation was arranged between Havana, Cuba, and Catalina, in which the submarine telephone cable was used from Cuba to Florida, the overland wire from Key West, Florida, to Los Angeles, California, and the wireless to Catalina the remainder of the distance. The connection was reported a complete success. By similar methods there has been a combination of wired and wireless telephony between Catalina and steamships in the Atlantic Ocean, off the Jersey coast.
Apparatus has been developed enabling passengers aboard moving trains to enjoy concerts enroute, so that every passenger aboard may hear the music, either from receiving sets attached to their chairs, or if they prefer, through the amplifier in the buffet car.
A single land-station can maintain a different two-way conversation with each of three ships at the same time, and seven thousand words per minute can now be sent and correctly received by one set of wireless instruments; however, in the latter instance the words are sent and received by written, not spoken language. This makes an immense saving in time of transmission, as a whole series of dispatches are sent at one time.
Torpedoes, airplanes, and automobiles, without a soul aboard, can now be sent hither and thither at the will of a man far away who, by means of the radio apparatus, opens and closes the switches in the mechanism at his will. At the recent radio show in New York an automobile thus controlled was one of the wonders of the exhibition.
Radio tones are amplified indefinitely. When President Hording spoke at Arlington at the commemoration of the unknown dead soldier it is said that by radio means his voice was amplified ten million billion times; and it is confidently claimed that by 1925, from a powerful broadcasting station it will be possible to be heard at the remotest corner of the earth.
For some unknown reason the best time for the sending forth of messages and concerts is at night. Weather conditions have much to do with their successful interception, and bodies of certain kinds of ore deflect or disperse the radio waves. The Bell people are experimenting with apparatus for scrambling and unscrambling broadcast messages, in order that they can so control the broadcasting that only their own subscribers can understand the messages.
Powerful Broadcasting Stations
HERE is a powerful broadcasting station at Port Jefferson, New York, which, when completed, will have 72 towers, each 410 feet high, spread out like a wheel three miles in circumference. The operators of this plant are located 70 miles away, in the heart of New York's business district. It sends and receives messages to and from Norway, Germany, Sweden, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela. Hawaii, Japan. and Australia, and expects to cover the entire earth from the one station. This is operated in connection with the Bell Telephone Company. The power behind the wireless messages when they are sent out is 2,000 kilowatts, or 2,700 horsepower. The General, Electric Company, Western Electric Company, United Fruit Company, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, and Radio Corporation of America all united to make the great installation at Port Jefferson k success.
The towers of the Port Jefferson installation each employ approximately 150 tons of structural steel in construction and the cross-arm at the top of the tower that supports the antenna wires is 150 feet long. Each tower is 18x20 feet at the base. Each pair of towers is connected with 50 miles of i inch silicon bronze cables swung aloft and with 450 miles of copper wire buried in the ground in starfish and gridiron fashion. The station was first opened with a message by President Harding.
The German government has powerful transmitting stations at Konigswusterhausen, Germany, where it has the largest transmission tubes in the world. It is also constructing at Monte Grande, in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentine, a plant with six big towers, each 630 feet in height, from which it Trill be able to communicate with all parts of the earth.
The Westinghouse Station at Newark
WE VISITED the Westinghouse broadcasting station at Newark, New Jersey, in the preparation of material for this article, but we cannot undertake to give a technical description of the. apparatus. The set is located upon the roof of the Westinghouse building, near the Lackawanna Station.
The antenna is swung between two 120-foot masts and consists of six wires six feet apart, extending between the two 30-foot cross-arms. From one end a downlead drops to the radio station and from the other end to the tuning coil. One hundred eight feet below the antenna is the 12-wire counterpoise. Downleads from the counterpoise also drop to the radio station. The natural wave length of the structure is 450 meters, but by means of condensers this is altered to the normal wave length of 360 meters used for broadcasting. 2,000 volts power is used to propel messages from this broadcasting station. A special filter circuit is provided to suppress the hum of the motor. The complete radio transmitter is enclosed in metal and glass, and a blower keeps the temperature uniform. A grand piano and other musical instruments con-
Btitute a part of the equipment. The walls are hung with heavy curtains to deaden outside sounds. The nightly concert at this station runs from 7.00 to 9.50 P. M. The station grew out of the company's experiences on the battlefields of France in building radiophones for the airplanes. When concerts are given, there is a three-minute pause every fifteen minutes in order that the receiving instrument may be used for the detection of distress signals. The rustling of a piece of paper in the presence of the microphones of this apparatus seems to the receivers of the sounds Like the roar of thunder.
Receiving Stations
HE receiving stations for wireless are of all sorts, ranging from the great Badio Central receiving station at Riverhead, Long Island, which mechanically receives and transmits by telephone to the Central Traffic Office in New York City the radio dispatches from Europe and the Orient—down to the apparatus which can be screwed into an electric-light socket and costs but a few dollars, and still farther, down to the set which Raymond M. Moore made-out of his empty pocketbook, while he was sick, or the outfit which James Leo McLaughlin of New York made in thirty minutes at a cost, aside from the phones, of less than forty cents. This latter outfit was made out of an empty paper container four inches in diameter, thirteen small size paper fasteners, two large paper fasteners, three paper clips, two ounces of No. 26 enameled copper wire, one common pin and one small piece of silicon. The phones cost $8 'for a good set Sets have been made which were wound upon ordinary thread spool and did not weigh, aside from the phones, more than one and one-half ounces. Science and Invention, New York, gives the details of construction of these-ajnateur sets, They can be used only in cities which have broadcasting stations.
The whole science of radiophony and radiography dates from 1887, when it was proved that electromagnetic waves were radiated into space with the speed of light. Within ten years Marconi was sending signals several miles and prophesied that in time a dispatch could be sent a limit of twenty miles; and four years later, in in 1901, Marconi himself sent the first signal across the Atlantic. Seven years later, in 1903, radio communication between Great Britain and Canada became general. In 1915 the Bell Telephone Company succeeded in telephoning 3700 miles east, from Washington to Paris, and 5,000 miles west, from Washington to Hawaii. Radiophony is merely the simple union of the telephone with the wireless telegraph system.
Difficulties and Possibilities
STATIC electricty is one of the great foes to successful wireless operation; another is the fact that radio waves radiate in every direction, and that since all the waves travel through the* same medium they interfere with one another if sent on the same wave length. Accordingly the Government has been obliged to interfere in the matter, so that the necessary uses of the radio, especially in the communicating with ships at sea, should not be interfered with.
Some feel disturbed, too, because there are no radio secrets. Everybody who has a receiving set properly tuned can, at present, hear all that everybody else can hear; but, as stated elsewhere in the article, attempts are being made so to scramble the sounds that only certain auditors can receive and understand the communications.
Superheated atmosphere, dust storms, the Aurora Borealis, rain, snow, and tin roofs affect the radio.
Radio Possibilities
ROPOSITIONS are afoot to establish, by governmental decree, certain wave lengths
for certain purposes, one for weather and market reports, another for local news, another for educational purposes, another for church services and theatrical productions, while the most powerful would be used as at present for naval and international purposes. Students see great possibilities in the suppression of distortions of news by the new science. Lying newspapers will find the spread of paid propaganda much more difficult than hitherto. Preachers who preach for money instead of love for the Lord and for their fellow men will find themselves displaced. Farmers and others who have been cut off from entertainments will be entertained in their own homes. Knowledge on all subjects will become more widespread. The piloting of vessels in a fog becomes easy where once it was difficult and dangerous. The breaking down of wire systems in great storms will never again cut off any part of the earth from contact with the outside world.
Political orators hereafter will have to deliver their addresses so that all can hear. They cannot tell one thing to one audience and another thing to another audience. Colleges and Universities (Tufts in Boston and Fordham in New York) are announcing the broadcasting of education. And now Marconi says that in a little while, he thinks, every person who has a telephone can communicate at will, by the medium of wireless, with any other person in the world who also has a telephone.
In view of all this it would seem that even the blindest must see that we have come to the time of the setting up of the Lord’s kingdom on earth; that we have come to the time when, shortly, the Law of the Lord shall go forth from Zion, the heavenly phase of Christ’s kingdom, and the Word of the Lord from Jerusalem, which is to be the city of the great King, earth’s new capita], and the whole world will listen and heed literally, and be saved thereby. (Isaiah 2: 2-4) And it shall come to pass that every soul that will not hear, and obey, shall be cut off from among the'people. (Acts 3:19-23) Without a doubt the wireless system is the Lord’s method of regulating and controlling earth’s affairs; and whether they realize it or not, men
are even now preparing the appliances which the Lord will use in bringing in the everlasting blessings of His kingdom to the needy race of humans among whom we all live and of whom we are a part. .
Bellamy* 9 Prophecy Fulfilled
HE following extract from “Looking Backward”, (page 273), by Edward Bellamy, supposedly written 2000 A. D., actually written 1888 A. D., is now a prophecy fulfilled.
“Now as to hearing a sermon today, if you wish to do so, you can either go to a church to hear it or stay at home.”
<rHow am I to hear it if I stay at home?"
"Simply by accompanying ns to the music room at the proper hour and selecting an easy chair. There are some who still prefer to hear sermons in church; but most of our preaching, like our musical performances, is not in public, but delivered in acoustically prepared chambers, connected by wire with subscribers’ houses. If you prefer to go to a church I shall be glad to accompany you; but I really don’t believe you are likely to hear anywhere a better discourse than you will hear at home. I see by the paper that Mr. Barton is to preach this morning; and he preaches only by telephone, and to audiences-often reaching 150,000?'
Newton T. Hartshorn
WHEN Newton T. Hartshorn finished his course April 12th, 1922, there passed from the ken of the readers of The Golden Age one of the shining spirits of the day. Brother Hartshorn was a lover of his fellow men. Possessed of brilliant abilities as a leader and as an artist, he laid these things aside that he might be a Christian, and as a Christian lay his life down in such<6$rvice as he might find for the lowly and oppressed. Before coming to a knowledge of the truth, he was actively interested in humanitarian movements among the workers. As an artist he had painted the portraits of American presidents and of British nobility, and at any moment^ before his decease could have returned to the easel and a princely income, but he counted his natural advantages rather as hindrances to advancement in the favor of God. For many years this friend of millionaires, presidents, noblemen and educators devoted himself to* a life of sacrifice, while he spent his time in telling people the glad tidings of the incoming Golden Age, and in writing articles which have informed and inspired many readers of this and other publications. The “Poor Men of Lyons” of the dark ages did not more truly witness for truth amid poverty than has this faithful witness, who has come with full confidence and joy to the end of his way. Mr. Hartshorn regarded as his masterpiece the article in this magazine for August 17, 1921, entitled “Everlasting Life on Earth". Readers of The Golden Age will rejoice with us that he has been faithful unto death.
Fighting for Home and Liberty
IN THE annals of the control of governments , by American big business it is written that * ' a hundred years ago they had laws imprison' ing poor men for debt. We quote from the histo
rian John Bach McMasters ‘’History of die People of the United States":
* "One hundred years ago the laborer who fell from a ' scaffold, or lay sick of a fever, was sure to be seized by
* the sheriff the moment he recovered, and be carried to jail for the bill of a few dollars which had been run up during his illness, at the huckster's or the tavern. . . , "The treadmill was always going. The pillory and the stocks were never empty. The shears [cutting oft workmen's ears], the branding iron, and the lash were never idle for a day. In Philadelphia the wheelbarrow men still went about the streets in gangs, or appeared with huge clogs and chains hung to their necks. . . .
’ "The misery of the unfortunate creatures cooped up in the cells, even in the most humanely kept prisons, surpasses in horror anything ever recorded in fiction. No attendance was provided for the sick. No clothes were distributed to the naked. Such a thing as a bed was rarely seen, and this soon became so foul with insects that the owner dispensed with it gladly. Many of the inmates of the prisons passed years without so much « aa washing themselves. Their hair grew long. Their bodies were covered with scabs and lice, and emitted a horrible stench. Their clothing rotted from their backs and exposed their bodies, tormented with all manner of skin diseases and a yellow flesh cracking open with filth." Big business must have its pound of flesh, because to it money is worth infinitely more than man!
In Prison for Two Cents
THE amounts for which men and women were imprisoned ran. into a variety of figures, but not into very large ones; for special arrangements for appeals were made for rich debtors. Some of the sums causing prison sentences were as follows:
$25.00 or less: ?29 persons in jail in New York at one time (1816).
$23.42: Average owed by 1,085 in Philadelphia. $3.(>0:<pwed by a woman, who was taken from her home to prison.
?2c: Owed by a man who went to prison for this sum.
* 54c: Owed by a Vermont debtor.
2e: Owed by another victim of big business.
The big-business men of Boston made much of their money from the slave trade, from dis* tilling ruA, and from smuggling. As they sent their liquor-laden ships off to Africa for a fresh catch of negroes, according to Weeden’s “Social - and Economic History of New England",
“They rolled the whites of their eyes and uttered pious ejaculations as they scanned their ledgers and wrote instructions for turning rum into 'slops' or human souls immaterially. After attending to such matters these 'respectable' men take leave of their captain, and ‘conclude with committing you to the almighty Disposer of all events'. The profanity of sailors is grateful music to ears compelled to listen to the prayers of such damnable hypocrites.”
Sanctimonious sea captains ordered the rum well mixed with water and to be sold short weight wherever possible. “All society," continues Weeden, “was fouled in this lust; it was influenced by the passion for wealin; it was callous* to the wrongs of imported savage or displaced barbarian. . . . Cool, shrewd, sagacious merchants vied with punctilious, dogmatic priests in promoting this prostitution of industry”
Mills “Manned” by Babes
TEXTILE mills were finally established in New England by this class of business men.
The new industry was modeled on the lines of the British mills, where seven- to twelve-year-old children worked fifteen hours a day or more under vicious and brutalized foremen. Women worked at the machines and fainted away under the strain. Sometimes they gave birth’to children on the floors of the mills. Little children were taken from the workhouses and almshouses and put into the industrial torture chambers. Idiots were set to work in the mills.
The first American mill was started in 1789 and was “manned” exclusively by seven- to twelve-year-old children. Alexander Hamilton, the father of American financiering, in a famous “Report on Manufactures" stated that “women- and children are rendered more useful by manufacturing establishments than they otherwise would be”.
In the proceedings of the Constitutional Convention which formulated the Constitution of the United States the members were sworn to secrecy, but some years afterward the proceedings were published by Madison. In the convention Madison himself, as an excuse for permitting the continuance of Southern slavery, said: “In future time, a great majority of the people will not only be without landed but any other sort of property”. Delegate Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut said: “Let us not intermeddle. As population increases, poor laborers will be so plenty as to render slaves useless. 48»
Slavery, in time will not be a speck in our country."
It was not necessary to own slaves, as the textile mills progressed and showed ever greater profits. W. H. Ghent, in an article in The Forum for August, 1901, says: “Women and children in the factories . . . were frequently beaten with cowhides and otherwise maltreated. An instance was shown of a deaf and dumb boy receiving a hundred lashes from his neck to his feet; and another of the breaking of the leg of an eleven-year-old girl by a club thrown at her by an employer.”
Big-Business Churches
MASSACHUSETTS big business, in connection with the mills, established corporation boarding-houses and corporation churches. In the rules of the Lowell Manufacturing Company the employes must go to church. Other concerns kept churches going, kept the preacher on their payroll, and docked the girl employes for pew rents and for other necessaries for the salvation of their souls. The girls, according to Abbott’s “Women in Industry”, slept eight in a bed and worked twelve to fourteen hours a day. The preachers, of course, had to have a vaca-, tion on pay; and they still go to summer places, often as guests of members of the big-business fraternity.
So, in New England, in 1922 the textile workers are on strike against the oppressive and reactionary policies of the mill-owners. A headline in Labor runs, “Century of Feudal Reign Challenged by Textile Strike. Generation of Oppression Back of New England’s Mill Workers.” This can be appreciated by those only that know something about what the rich men at the heads of the mills have been doing to their workers for the last century, and of which the foregoing items afford a suggestion.
It is not surprising to see the big-business men df<|he mills seeking to reestablish the 54-hour week and to force cut after cut in wages. It has been well known that a living wage in a textile town means the sum earned by all the members of a family collectively, not that obtained by the head and supposed breadwinner for the hon^e unit
Feudalism in New England
ItT r. Stout, a special writer of the New York AtJL Globe, declares that “the mill-owners rule
with all the rigor and arrogance of feudal overlords”, a fact well known to any one who has lived in or near one of the New England textile mills. They own the villages, and dominate them and their “hands” as adjuncts of their liegeship. “Conditions in this backwash of civilization surrounded by the adjacent fields and pastures, are worse than in the congested slums of New York City,” according to the Globe. *
There is no such thing as liberty in a mill town. “A vicious system of industrial espionage has been maintained, and an employ^ who grumbled about conditions was not only fired from the mills, but was also exiled from the village and probably from the valley.”
Here is the way the barons of the mills have their “hands” live, while they themselves make fabulous fortunes off the labor of their brethren. The picture is the same whether of a Rhode Island mill town or one elsewhere in the country, north or south.
Cotton mills were established in Rhode Island about the year 1800. There were no houses about the mills; so the employers erected shanties for the “help”, and Called them houses. “The 1810 version of a mill-town house was four, walls and a roof, and the version of a community was a group of such “houses*. Excepting the supervisors, the 'hands* still Hve under 1810 conditions,” declares Mr. Stout, who continues:
“As the company houses do not appear on the books as a profitable investment, the company paints, papers, and repairs them as seldom as possible. As the companies own most of the property in each village, many of the villages have no sewage system, and only one or two a public water system.
"There is no collection of garbage and rubbish. The windows are without screens, and wells adjoin hideous outhouses and stables. Oil lamps light these houses, the only change since 1810 having been from whale oil to kerosene. In the older houses—most of those occupied by the poorer paid workers antedate the civil war, and some date back a century—the roofs often leak, the timbers are rotting, the walls ooze water, plaster is falling, and the cracks are stopped with soap or cotton waste.”
"Absentee ownership is the devastating evil of the textile industry. The welfare of the workers is completely subordinated, to the demand for profits and still higher profits. To the body-and-soul-destroying environment that is enforced upon the workers, the employers have sought to enforce the horrors of poverty. In December, 1920, wages which at no time approximated a decent living standard, were cut 22 J percent. There was no explanation, no showing of cause. The notice was posted, and the workers accepted it perforce. In January, 192?, another reduction of 20 percent was announced, and then, the workers revolted,”
Tide is Turning
FROM the earliest Colonial days no consideration has been shown to Working people by American big business, except such, as has been wrung from them by costly strikes and progressive political action by labor. The revolt in Rhode Island is hoped to mark the beginning of a new industrial era. For over a century there have been no labor unions in the valley where the great strike for home and liberty began. There was never a strike or a lockout, except a couple of highly localized affairs in recent years. It has been impossible for up-to-date organization of labor to gain a foothold, so strongly repressive has been the systematic organization of big business there. The workers could not secure their rightful representation in government. Textile big business has chosen governors, senators, congressmen and state legislators, to say nothing of local officials. Judges have been at the beck and call of the rich to place upon the working man’s neck the millstones of injunctions and the other repressive legal action of which courts are capable. But the tide is turning, temporarily as least; and as Mr. Stout says, “the "hard-boiled’ Rhode-Island general assembly adopted a bill making it unlawful for women and children to be employed more than eight hours in any day”. What a change from the fourteen and sixteen hours Tinder the savagery of big business of a century ago—and back to which the attempt is being made to force children and babes again! An* election is coming in November, and for the next few months politicians must coddle the votes a little.
Entirely without a union to begin with, the walkSut of the workers was a spontaneous revolt of unorganized workers against intolerable conditions. The mills were unable to reopen, with all'the backing of large forces of guards and state militiamen, and the cruel slaughter of working^nen at Pawtucket at the hands of municipal officials. The workers are now solidly organized, and say that they are out for a fight to the finish of either their own hopes for liberty and decent homes, or of the vicious system imposed on them by big business.
What These Things Mean *
AS TO the significance of such events we’ quote from Pastor Russell in “The Time Is
At Hand”, a book written in 1889:
a 'The Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout/ (1 Thessalonians 4:16) . . . Thus Paul . . . evidently refers to the time of our Lord’s appearing and the establishment of Hia kingdom in the midst of a great time of trouble, and to the events preceding and introducing it . . . Next, mark the figure used:
rffWith a shout?—The Greek word here translated 'shout* . . . signifies a shout of encouragement. A shout implies a public message designed for the ears, not of a few, but of a fixed multitude. It is generally designed either to alarm and terrify or to assist and encourage. Or it may have the one effect upon one class, and the reverse eSect upon another, according to the circumstances and conditions.
"The aspect of affairs in the world since 1874 very strikingly corresponds with this symbol, in the outbursts of world-wide encouragement for all men to wake up to a sense of their rights and privileges as men, and to consider their mutual relationships, the principles upon which they are based and the ends which they should accomplish. Where on the face of the earth is the civilized nation that has not heard the shout, and is not influenced by it! The entire civilized world has, in the past few years, been studying political economy, civil rights and social liberties, as never before in the annals of history; and men are encouraging each other and being encouraged, as never before, to probe these subjects to the very foundation. The shout of encouragement started by the increase of knowledge among men has already encircled the earth, and under its influence men are banding themselves together, encouraged and assisted by men of brain and genius, to contend and strive fdr both real and fancied rights and liberties; and as their organizations increase and multiply, the shout grows louder and longer, and will by and by result as foretold, in the great time of trouble and tumult of angry nations. The result is graphically described by the Prophet: 'The noise of a multitude in the mountains [kingdoms] like as of a great people; a tumultuous noise of the kingdoms of nations gathered together: the Lord of hosts mustereth the host of battle?—Isaiah 13:4?'
Even in the New England mill towns, where it has seemed as though the spii-it of liberty was throttled almost beyond recovery, the response swells up to the just God of heaven in the great shout of encouragement of the dawning day of God’s kingdom.
What Is the Coal Controversy About?
By EUis Searles, Editor "United Mine Workers' Journal”
John L. Lewis, international president of the United Mine Workers of America, clearly stated the principal issue involved in the controversy between the miners and the bituminous coal operators, when he said: "We do not expect to follow the non-union worker down the ladder of wage reductions to the morass of poverty and degradation which prevails below; and we do not propose to have the non-union yardstick applied to our standard of living”.
PROPOSE TO DESTROY THE UNION
Coal operators have attempted to force the bituminous miners to accept a reduction in their wages which would place them on a level with the non-union miners of West Virginia, Alabama and other fields in which the union is kept out or driven out by armed gunmen and thugs in the employ of the coal companies. Mine workers in these non-union fields are helpless. They are unable to enter any protest against wage reductions or any other whim of their employers by which their standard of living is lowered. Wages always have been lower in the non-union fields than in the organized fields, because of this fact. Non-union miners have no protection and must take what is offered if they are* to work at all.
When two large and powerful groups of operators in the Pittsburgh field and in Southern Ohio served notice that they would refuse to meet with the United Mine Workers to negotiate a new wage and working agreement they served notice, in effect, that they were out to break up the miners' union. Should they succeed in this attempt it would mean that the miners of those two fields would be reduced to the level of the wretched non-union miners of West Virginia. The United Mine Workers propose not to permit this to be done.
In announcing their refusal to meet with the miners and work out a new agreement to take effe^t-on April 1, these operators deliberately violated their written contract with the miners, which they signed in New York on March 31, 1920. In that contract was this clause:
"Uesobed, that an interstate joint conference be held prior to ^.pril 1, 1922; the time and place for holding such meeting to be referred to a committee of two operators and two members from each state herein represented. together with the international officials of the United Mine Workers of America.*
OPERATORS ARE CONTRACT-BREAKERS
That agreement was as binding as any agreement ever signed by business men. Refusal by the operators to live up to this agreement was a shock to the public conscience and an assault on business morality. It was so indefensible that President Harding denounced their action and directed Secretary of Labor Davis to call upon the operators to live up to their agreement and meet with the miners in an honest effort to work out a new agreement
One of the prime objects of these operators in staging their refusal and their violation of contract was to destroy the union It must be remembered also that there were millions of tons of soft coal on hand, and a strike scare always boosts the selling price, thus giving the operators a fine opportunity to gouge the public pocketbook and dean up enormous profits. It has been done before, and why not now!
One of the excuses the operators gave for refusing to enter a conference was that the miners would demand an increase in their wages, and that, therefore, it would be useless to hold a conference. But the miners did nothing of the kind. They do not ask for an increase, but they do ask that the present scale of wages be continued in effect for another two years. They did not earn a living under the present scale in 1921, but they were willing to take the chance with it for another two years. They pinned their faith to the hope for a revival of industry and business in the next two years that would afford them steadier employment and thus enable them to make a living.
WORKED LESS THAN HALF TIME
Bituminous mine workers in the union fields were employed only an average of about 125 days in 1921. This is about 40 percent of full time. As nearly as it can ascertained, they earned an average of $700 in 1921, or $13,50 a week. Every person who has to buy food, clothing and everything else for a family at present prices knows that it is impossible to keep a family above the poverty level on $13.50 a week.
Statistical experts say an annual wage of $1,370 is necessary to keep a family of man, wife and three children in health, decency and a minimum amount of comfort in the bituminous coal mining fields of the country. Mine
workers earned less than half that sum last » year. Yet the operators proposed to reduce their wages.
In the six year period from 1913 to 1918 (and in 1918 more coal was produced than ever before and all records broken), the average annual earnings of bituminous mine workers throughout the country were $873.74. Surely, it could not be said that the. miners were earning too much money.
' Coal miners are not responsible for the high . retail price at which coal is sold throughout the country. J. D. A. Morrow, vice-president of the National Coal Association, commonly known as the "Operators’ Union”, testified before the Interstate Commerce Commission that the average selling price of bituminous coal in the United States in October, 1921, was $10.41 a ton, and that the miners received $1.97 a ton for producing it In other words, the miners got $1.97 for producing a ton of coal that was sold to the consumer for $10.41. Who got the other $8.44! There is a gouge, but the miners did not get the money. If the public is interested in bringing down the selling price of coal they must look beyond the miners for the way to do it; for the miners are not to blame for the high prices.
THE OPERATORS' PROPAGANDA
Coal companies have sought to arouse a prejudice against the United Mine Workers of America because the convention of the union declared for the six-hour day and the five-day week, and the position of the miners on that issue has been both misrepresented and misunderstood. Operators say the miners want more pay for less work. That statement is not correct Working steadily thirty hours a week, the miners can produce more coal than the country can possibly consume. They say they prefer reasonably steady employment six hours a day rather than irregular and unsteady em-plo^tuent eight hours a day. If they can dig all the coal that is needed in six hours why should they be required to work eight hours, they a>k. They want the assurance that they will have the opportunity to work steadily six hours a day. In that way they can make a living. But they cannot make a living under present conditions.
The ‘‘check-off” is another issue involved in the controversy between bituminous miners and operators. The check-off is not generally understood by the public. Operators have attempted to make the public believe that through the check-off they are compelled to contribute to the maintenance and upkeep of the miners’ union, and that, therefore, the checkoff is a practice that should be abolished. The coal operators do not contribute a single cent to the union. The check-off does not mean anything of the kind. Here is what the check-off means:
A member of the United Mine Workers of America authorizes his employer in writing to deduct from his pay envelope a small part of his wages, already earned, to pay his dues to the union. The operator makes the deduction and remits the money to the union, just as he deducts other sums and pays them to the doctor, the grocer, the landlord or any other creditor. An operator has no right to deduct any "taoney from the miner’s pay envelope without the written order of the miner. It is not the operator's money that is sent to the union. It is the union miner's money.
Judge Anderson, in the Federal Court at Indianapolis, decided that the check-off was illegal and he issued an injunction to prohibit its continuance. But the United Mine Workers appealed to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals and that court reversed Judge Anderson. The higher court held that the check-off was entirely, legal and that it would not he enjoined. At that hearing Judge Baker, presiding Judge. said the check-off was nothing more or less than an assignment of wages by an employe. and that any employe had the legal right to make such assignment
Notice to Foreign Subscribers
WE REGRET that some of our foreign subscribers have been caused much annoyance by having to pay excess postage. This was due to a misunderstanding between the United
States Post Office and some foreign conntrips in re the interpretation of a new postage rate. Until the matter is adjusted we are payin" the old rate, so not to inconvenience our subscribers.
Educational Failure at Home
THE United States boasts of being a world leader in every direction; but in education it does not take the lead, although it has the most costly educational machine in existence. The census figures for illiteracy show that the United States stands below all of the Scandinavian countries, and below Germany, and a few other nations, instead of being a world leader in enlightenment.
The percentages of the illiterate of ten years of age and over in some American cities show that as high as one in eight in some certain place^ are unable to read and write. Some of the worst offenders in the lack of education are as follows:
New Bedford, Mass._______.—
Fall River, Mass —
____12,1
11.9
San Antonio, Texas ------™
___-11.4
Birmingham, Ala. ____________
________- 8.4
Nashville, Tenn. _____—
___ 7.2
Bridgeport, Conn. --------....----
__________ 6.9
Lowell, Mass.______________-
_________ 6.9
Trenton, N. J. .... ............................
6.9
Memphis, Tenn.
. . 6.7
Atlanta, Ga. ..... ~
6.6
Scranton, Pa. _____. - —
6.5
Paterson, N. J.
. _ 6.3
Norfolk, Va. _____;__________
____— 6.3
New Haven. Conn. ---—-----
_____- 6.3
New York, N. Y.____________
________ 6.2
Newark, N. J. ...............
—____ 6.0
The best—lowest—percentages of illiteracy are found in the following cities:
Spokane, Wash. 0.8
Salt Lake City, Utah „______—1.0
Minneapolis, Minn. —
—...................
______ 1.2
Des Moines, Iowa ...—.
______1.3
Seattle, Washington __
«•
_______1.5
St. Paul, Minn......___
■.. ....
__1.6
Portland. Oregon .....—
1.7
.San Francisco, Calif.
___1.9
D^v'cr, Colo. ..
— ___
___1.9
Dayton, Ohio ______„
—--1.9
These figures include all classes but the figures showing the percentages of illiteracy of the foreign-bprii whites and the native-born whites are illuminating as to the need of a genuine Americanization by education of the stranger within our gates. Some of the worst percentages of illiteracy among the foreign-bom whites v are as follows:
San Antonio, Texas ................. ................ ... an 1
Ft. Worth, Texas ...... -......... 30. i
Reading, Pa. --------- _T_______________25 fl
Fail River, Mass. - ... .............25 5
Scranton, Pa.____________23.4
Houston, Texas_____-..... -
_______—22.6
New Bedford, Mn.-s. ..................-__
___________21.7
Trenton, N. J.
-20.2
Wilmington, Del. ------- ----- ■
______—19.2
Camden, N. J.__________
___________.17.6
New Haven, Conn. —____
__17.2
Yonkers, N. Y. _____________
—______—16.4
Dallas, Texas _______________
_________-16.4
Syracuse, N. Y.______
-______—16.2
Bridgeport, Conn. —________
___16.2
Yonngstown, Ohio_________
_______™16.0
Newark, N. J.__
___;________,15.9
Lowell, Mass. __________ . ......
.. ..............15 9
Birmingham, Ala. —.............................—
_______—15.6
Providence, R. I. .____________
___15.3
Rochester, N, Y. ............-.........-.... . .
___________15.0
It is ordinarily thought that there is a heavy percentage of illiteracy among the colored people, but the census shows a decidedly higher standard of education among them than the foreign-born whites. The worst offenders in Negro illiteracy are aa follows: .
New Bedford, Mass. __________
Birmingham, Ala. _ —.
Nashville, Tenn. ... .
Atlanta, Ga. _____,______
New Orleans, La. ...........................—______..._________...._15.7
Wilmington, Del---------------.......15.7
Memphis, Tenn.
The best —lowest — percentages in forr'gn-boru white illiteracy are:
Atlanta, Ga. _________.-4,8
• San Francisco, C HL ___________________________
Salt Lake City, Ltah ............ .....4.0
Minneapolis, Minn. ........................ ._..„3.9
Seattle, Wash. 3.6
Spokane, Wash. —.......—„...............3.3
In Negro illiteracy the best cities are the following :
Grand Rapids, Mich. .___
Rochester. N. Y.
Seattle, Wash. ______- r ...
__-1.9
—________...__________-1.9
, __________ ________,1.9
New York. N. Y..... ....
- ......... 2.1
Boston. Miss. .....
* A
St. Paul, Minn. ... - _
__ ?.2
Scranton, Pa. .... .
.... — 2.3
Cambridge, Mass. _____
______.__—2.5
Oakland, Calif. . ■
—_______2.5
The American people, following the traditions of the Pilgrim founders of the country, have always had a passion for education; and . naturally the best and lowest percentages of illiteracy are found among the native whites as follows:
Boston, Mass. —
Cambridge, Mass.
Hartford, Conn. —
Minneapolis, Minn.----
Seattle, Wash.
Spokane, Wash.---1-----.
Akron, Ohio -
Bridgeport, Conn.
Chicago, ID.
Cleveland, Ohio 0.2
Detroit, Mich. -0.2
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Jersey City, N. J. .
Loe Angeles, Calif.
Milwaukee, Wis.0.2
New Haven, Conn.
Oakland, Calif.
Omaha, -Nebr.
Portland, Ore._____________.
Rochester, N. Y.0.2 St. Paul, Minn.0.2 Salt Lake City, Utah 0.2
San Francisco, Calif.
Yonkers, N. Y 0.2
Youngstown, Ohio
The percentages of illiteracy in the various classes in the United States show that the nation takes good care of its own, but neglects the immigrant Among the foreign-born whites, illiteracy is highest among those who come to our shores from countries where the Boman Catholic religion predominates* Much education is carried on in the United States in sectarian parochial schools; but it is reported that when .students are transferred from parochial schools to good public schools they often have to be dropped one or two grades, suggesting that education under Boman Catholic auspices, as far as efficiency is concerned, is a mere camouflage, and that ecclesiasticism has no intention of giving its young people any better education than it is compelled to give.
The time is not distant when the power of ecclesiastieism'to control or influence government, business, or education, will be entirely done away with. A good beginning will be made in this when the farmers and the working men jointly vote themselves into political power, and begin to inaugurate much needed reforms, including, not least of All, the absolute separation of religion, directly and indirectly, from any form of control of anything connected with government, national and local.
But church and state cannot be separated without bringing on more trouble than the separation will cure; and the great reforms that the lovers of the common people see are coming, will have to wait for the inauguration of the kingdom of God — happily to come in the very near future.
Who Gets the Money? ify John Buckley
IDO not always agree with Samuel Gompers; but when he says that we should do something to prevent unemployment, I am most wholeheartedly with him. No one will deny that when a man from his own labor creates a thing of value, he is increasing the taxable wealth of the country. The assessor appraises * it, state and county taxes are charged against it, and It helps lessen taxes on other property.
The more wealth there is in a town or a county, the less the average taxes usually are. In several towns that I know of, the taxes are particularly low. These are very wealthy and exclusive residential places.
When a man builds a house, he helps his neighbor by increasing the value of that neighbors property and by lessening taxation. While he lives in the house, it is all right. Should he put the property upon the market, however, and try to sell it, he creates an overproduction, and reduces the value of the neighbor’s holdings. Funny, is it not? Why not build to keep?
To me, unemployment is a crime against our intellisrence. Every man engaged in useful production increases our national wealth. If I am a landholder and build a house from the natural resources of my property, the bank will advance money upon that house; and if I am so inclined I can sell it at more than it has cost to create.
The head of a large manufacturing plant made the statement, a few years ago, that no working man could ever earn enough to become rich, for he would not live long enough. I have known workers that became rich, but never' have I heard of one who did so by the labor of his own hands. I am old enough to have a personal acquaintance with five generations of workers, from grandparents to grandchildren, of what may be called the middle class. All my life I have been of the workers and among them. I hear business connections of my own family cry down the efforts of the working man to get more out of life. We must have lower wages before there can be a resumption of business! The blame is placed upon the worker, and they fail to see the- beam in their own eyes.
The workers as I have known them seldom wear high-priced or expensive articles of apparel. Sometimes the young people will; others are rarely able to pay the price. From head to foot the American workman wears goods -of home production, and usually of a low price. The average worker does not use five pounds of wool a year. An overcoat or a suit of clothes is not discarded when the style changes. His underwear is of fleece-lined cotton. He is more apt to wear a cap than a hat It costs less. He wears no imported goods; neither will high-priced imported foods be found on his table. In everything he is wholly American. Since the workers use little of our imports, who does use’ them! What you learn for yourself will be more convincing than my statement, and it will be useful knowledge.
We know that the government will do nothing to change conditions. To do so would shatter too many hopes and destroy many opportunities. The men who proposed to rebuild French cities, during the war, would not like it; neither would the American colonies in European cities.
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