Course in Theocratic Ministry (1943)

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COURSE IN THEOCRATIC MINISTRY

S

"Apt to teach,

patient,

in meekness instructing."

— 2 Timothy 2:24, 25.

COPYRIGHT,1943

and PUBLISHED by WATCHTOWER BIBLE AND TRACT SOCIETY, INC. International Bible Students Association Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.

Made in the United States of America COURSE IN THEOCRATIC MINISTRY

For those who would learn of Jehovah God and serve him study is essential. It is necessary for purposes of defense and offense. To stand against the wiles of the Devil they must put on the whole armor of God. A part of this armor is a knowledge of Jehovah's Word, which acts as a protective "helmet of salvation" against subtle demon attacks on the mind. (Eph. 6:11,17) "His truth shall be thy shield and buckler." (Ps. 91:4) More important in this day of Jehovah is the use of "the sword of the spirit, which is the word of God", as a weapon of offense against demon religion. (Eph. 6:17; Jer. 23:29) That is why Jehovah's witnesses have been called out of darkness into his marvelous light. — 1 Pet. 2:9.

Jehovah's Chief Witness, Christ Jesus, stated the reason for the existence of God's name-people, at John 15:16: "I have chosen you, and ordained you, that ye should go and bring forth fruit." What constitutes these fruits to be brought forth is shown in the God-given commission to preach: "The spirit of the Lord GOD is upon me; because the LORD hath anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek; he hath sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison to them that are bound; to proclaim the acceptable year of the LORD, and the day of vengeance of our God; to comfort all that mourn." (Isa. 61:1,2) This, then, is the divinely assigned work of Jehovah's witnesses now on earth; they must 'make full proof of their Theocratic ministry'. How are such servants enabled to do so?

When Jesus was on earth he personally taught his apostles and disciples in Theocratic ministry. After his ascension into heaven he gave the apostles as instructors "for the complete qualification of the saints for the work of [field] service". (Eph. 4:12, Diaglott) Now Christ Jesus at the temple instructs and trains his earthly ministers of the gospel through Jehovah's visible organization, the Watchtower Society.

The Society is pictured by Timothy, and the instructions and duties given to Timothy by the apostle Paul parallel those now issued to and placed upon the Society by Christ Jesus. One of the foremost of such obligations is recorded at 2 Timothy 2:2: "The things that thou hast heard of me among many witnesses, the same commit thou to faithful men, who shall be able to teach others also." The Society has not withheld the truth of God's Word from others, but has committed it to faithful men. Why? That they might "teach others also". The work of gospel preaching and teaching draws to a climax. The demons are mustering their "old world" forces for a last desperate charge against Jehovah's servants. The New World fighters meet the issue, take the offensive, and obediently "push the battle to the gate". The ingathering of the "other sheep" results, and Jehovah's witnesses must 'teach these others also'. To more fully equip His witnesses to meet the intensified preaching and teaching requirements at the climax of His "strange work", Jehovah provides this "Course in Theocratic Ministry".

This course is not provided to take away from your time spent in field service, but is arranged to make you more proficient therein. Stated in more specific terms, the purpose of this "Course in Theocratic Ministry" is to prepare all "faithful men", those who have heard God's Word and proved their faith therein, to "be able to teach others" by going from door to door, by making back-calls, by conducting model studies and book studies, and, in short, by engaging in every phase of the Kingdom service. It is to the one end of making each one a more efficient Theocratic minister to the honor of the Lord's name; that he may be better equipped to publicly present the hope that is within him; that he may be "apt to teach, patient, in meekness instructing". (2 Tim. 2:24,25) Let no one lose sight of this primary purpose of the course.

The course will not be easy. "Much study is a weariness of the flesh," but the Christian will endure this "hardness" as a good soldier of Christ just as he does the actual physical work and trials of preaching "this gospel of the Kingdom". (Eccl. 12:12; 2 Tim. 2:3) Continual study is required of those who would be proficient ministers and teachers. (Heb. 2:1; 2 Pet. 1:12,13) Some fall short in the performance of their commission because of failure to do this.

"For ye ought to be teachers, seeing ye have been long in the doctrine. But now, ye need to learn again the first lines of the commencement of the oracles of God; and ye have need of milk, and not of strong food. For every one whose food is milk is unversed in the language of righteousness, because he is a child." (Heb. 5:12,13, Syriac) The following verse contrasts with such the mature ones, the able ministers, and shows the reason therefor: "But strong food belongeth to the mature who, being investigators, have trained their faculties to discriminate good and evil." Note the admonition to be investigators and to be trained. The "Course in Theocratic Ministry" will teach you to study, to be "investigators", and will 'train your faculties' for ministerial service. It is by availing oneself of all such provisions of the Lord that the witness is able to withstand the wicked and slanderous tongue of the enemy and give answer to questioning men. "Be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you." Also, "Know how ye ought to answer every man." (1 Pet. 3:15; Col. 4:6; Isa. 54:17) Jehovah has made ample provision for the training of his witnesses to meet their obligations as Theocratic workmen who need not be ashamed before any earthly creature. They are thoroughly furnished for all good works. (2 Tim. 2:15; 3:16,17) The Lord has placed a powerful sword in the hands of his New World fighters; he has through his visible organization shown them how to wield it effectively. If one does not avail himself of the instruction in its use and then use it, there is no purpose in his having it. Study this Theocratic ministry course and be better fitted to represent Jehovah's Theocracy.

The Course

This course of study contains fifty-two lessons (one to be covered each week), giving information as to the use of the Bible and Bible helps, such as the Watchtower publications, concordances, marginal references, Bible diction aries, the value of the various Bible translations, etc. Means of gathering material on Bible subjects, how to outline it for logical presentation, how it should be presented under varying conditions, the use of good language and proper emphasis and pronunciation in oral delivery, tactful conduct of the minister while in the witness work, and other instruction vital to efficient presenting of the Theocratic message, is set forth for the edifying of Jehovah's servants.

Enrollment

Any brother, young or old, in the company or unit who will attend regularly and study diligently the prescribed course may enroll. Roll will be called at the beginning of each study meeting, and a record kept of the attendance. Those not attending regularly will be dropped from the enrollment for the course. Anyone of Jehovah's witnesses, male or female, associated with the company or unit is welcome to "sit in" on the course and profit by it, even though not enrolled therein. So doing, that one will receive the benefits of the instruction talks, and may also participate in the reviews conducted on these instruction talks. Only those enrolled will be given speaking assignments.

Course Procedure

REVIEW. Immediately after roll call a review or question period will be held on the subject matter treated in the instruction talk of the previous week's lesson. All students enrolled should come prepared to participate, and any others "sitting in" on the course are invited to take part in the review. Whenever examples are requested, they should be taken from the Bible or the Society's publications, or from field experiences. They should be "Theocratic" examples, thus showing the usefulness of the material being taught in Theocratic ministry. These examples should not be the same ones used in the instruction lecture, but should be original with the one reciting to show that he understands the theory that has been presented in the instruction talk and is able to make practical application thereof. INSTRUCTION TALK. This ten-minute talk will follow the review and will cover the subject material outlined herein for the lesson then being conducted.

It will be the duty of the one assigned to give the instruction talk to cover all the points outlined in this booklet on the assigned subject. The booklet material can be given in five minutes or less; hence it will be necessary for the speaker to enlarge upon and amplify the points by giving further details, and especially by the use of illustrations to show the practical application of the material. This last item is very important. Use more illustrations than merely those given in the lesson. Add to the material given any other points directly bearing upon the subject that are available. Further information may be gained from a variety of textbooks on the different subjects of grammar, outlining, speaking, etc. On Bible helps, such as dictionaries, Strong's, Young's and Cruden's concordances, various Bible translations, etc., much can be learned from the introductory matter in each.

Finally, ample supplementary information can usually be obtained from the Consolation articles on "Presenting 'This Gospel of the Kingdom'". Where Consolation has treated the subjects, up to the time of publication of this course, the issue number is listed at the end of the instruction material in the booklet. Consolation will continue to publish material, and as subsequent issues come out the number can be listed with the instruction talk it amplifies.

The one giving the instruction talk will conduct the review on that material the following week. During these talks it would be wise for the students to take notes for later study and that they can participate in the review to come.

SPEAKING ASSIGNMENTS. At the end of each lesson, two speaking assignments are given in this booklet. These subjects will be assigned two weeks in advance to one or more of those enrolled.The school instructor will make this assignment, designating which subject each student is to consider. If two students speak, both topics should be used; if three speak, then two will talk on one of the topics and one student on the other. The students given such a speaking assignment will come prepared to give a six-minute talk thereon at the study for which their assigned subject is listed. These talks by the students, one or more at a study, depending on the size of the school enrollment, will follow the instruction talk.

Each student should be given the opportunity to speak at least once every three months; oftener if possible. A speaking schedule of students should be made up by the school instructor, so that all those enrolled are assured equal opportunity to speak. These sixminute talks, when delivered orally, are not to be read. They should be given from notes or an outline. In the preparation of this talk, the student should endeavor to put into practice the information given in the instruction talks.

COUNSEL. After each student talk, the school instructor will offer counsel as to the material, its arrangement and delivery, this not to exceed three minutes. Counsel should not be given with the thought of making over everyone to conform to one individual's ideas or to change the speaker's individual personality, but rather counsel should be given only where wellrecognized principles of outlining or delivery have been violated and the talk has not been "put across". Mispronunciations and improper oral emphasis or lack of it should be noted. All criticism must be constructive, offering suggestions as to how defects may be overcome.

The study will then be closed with prayer. No opening prayer will be necessary, as the study follows the service meeting, and the prayer offered at its beginning will cover the study. The service meeting will be closed with prayer.

TIME OF STUDY. The time of meeting and the duration of each meeting will be flexible, to meet local conditions. The time for the meeting is suggested as following service meeting, a fifteen-minute intermission being allowed for publishers to get literature and to make other necessary arrangements for field service. The service meeting might be advanced fifteen minutes if desired.

The study should be at least one-half hour, and not exceed forty-five minutes,the determining factor being the size of enrollment.The reviews will not exceed ten minutes. The instruction talks are to be ten minutes,the student talks six minutes,and counsel on any one talk shall not exceed three minutes. If the enrollment is small,likely only one student talk at each meeting will be enough to give each one opportunity to speak at least once every three months.If so,the study meeting would be arranged for one-half hour duration, as follows: roll call and closing prayer, one minute; review, ten minutes; instruction talk, ten minutes; student talk, six minutes; counsel, three minutes: total time, thirty minutes.

Even in large enrollments no more than three student talks should be scheduled for one meeting. Such schedule would be: roll call and closing prayer, one minute; review and instruction talk, twenty minutes; three student talks with two minutes' counsel on each, twenty-four minutes: total, forty-five minutes. (If the enrollment is so large that not all students can speak once every three months, even with three at a meeting, the class might be split after the instruction talk, to have two groups, of three speakers each, assemble in different rooms so as not to interfere with each other. Thus six would speak in one evening. In such event the school instructor would appoint someone to act as counselor for the extra group.)

School Instructor

This servant will be appointed by the Society. The local company committee of three brethren (the company servant, assistant company servant and back-call servant) will recommend to the Society two brethren as school instructors, a first and a second choice. Such may or may not be members of the committee. Those recommended should be two who speak good English and who would best qualify to administer this course of study. When appointed the school instructor will act as chairman of the meeting, call the roll, and give the counsel at the conclusion of each student talk. He may handle the instruction talk himself or assign others enrolled in the course to prepare some of these. He will arrange the speaking schedule of students and see that such assignments are made two weeks in advance of their time of delivery. In short, it shall be his duty to see that all matters pertaining to the course are carried out.

If the instructor diligently performs his duties, and if each student applies himself in study in singleness of purpose, which is, namely, to be a more efficient minister of the gospel, then Jehovah and Christ Jesus, The Teachers, will add their all-important blessings. "Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you."

Matt. 7: 7.10

Course in Theocratic Ministry

LESSON 1

As explained in the foregoing pages, the first ten minutes of each lesson will be devoted to a review of the material presented in the instruction talk of the lesson preceding. Since this is the first lesson, no review is possible, but from Lesson 2 on the procedure will be, first the review, then the tenminute instruction talk, and then the six-minute talks by the students on whichever of the subjects listed below the instruction talk they have been assigned to discuss. This will be followed by three minutes' counsel. Such speaking assignments should be made to the individual students two weeks in advance.

Instruction: GATHERING MATERIAL

When one is confronted with the task of presenting information on a given subject, how should he proceed to gather the material essential to cover the topic adequately?

First, think, think, think, about the subject. Find out what is in the storehouse of your own mind on the matter. You have some knowledge of it or you wouldn't be speaking on it. Recall past knowledge or any experiences pertaining to it. Let your mind dwell upon the topic and thus search out all possible avenues of approach to it and its various aspects and angles. As ideas come, jot them down on small cards. Don't trust your memory: it will surely fail you. To stimulate thought, ask, Who? How? When? Where? What? Why? concerning the subject. For example, if one is to make a back-call to discuss the "earth"he would wish to direct attention to certain scriptures. To assure thorough coverage ask, Who made the earth? Who owns it? Who will inhabit it? Who shall rule it? How was it created? When was it formed? When will it end? Where is it? What is it? Why was it made? Such questions may be asked you, and even if not asked, are thought-provoking and aid in gathering material on the subject "earth". The advantage of first yourself thinking on the subject is this: The talk is yours.

The ideas are presented according to your individuality. If you immediately plunge into a detailed reading of someone else's ideas you will copy that one's presentation. Your talk will be a rehash of the ideas of others.

Converse with others on your subject. You may get valuable information; you may not.In either event,you will be mentally stirred to think more logically on the topic.

Next, read on the subject. If the presentation is on a purely Scriptural doctrine, first determine the mind of the Lord on the matter as given in the Watchtower publications. This will serve as a guide as you read further from other sources. Search in the Bible for texts on the subject. Refer to Bible dictionaries. Often the history of a subject is useful ("Purgatory," for example). Go to the encyclopedias and books published by those who oppose your views (such as The Faith of Our Fathers), and use this in your argument. Go to libraries. Check in The Reader's Guide for articles dealing with your topic in current magazines. The librarian may be of further assistance in this respect.

The mythologies and the development of heathen and so-called "Christian" religions would provide much material. For instance, in dealing with the development of Christmas, Easter, and other religious festivals the speaker could, besides showing from the Bible that they are not Scriptural, conclusively show their pagan origin by material from such books as Hislop's The Two Babylons, The Encyclopedia Americana, The Encyclopaedia Britannica, etc.

During this time of gathering material you are thinking, conversing, reading, and jotting down ideas on your topic. Be it understood that not all these means of research are always used. Jehovah's witnesses are too busy to take the time for it, and it isn't necessary for the making of back-calls and service talks. Generally, reference to the Bible and the Watchtower publications will supply all needed material. For those rare occasions when a more thorough presentation is required, or for personal home study when time permits, the other means of gathering material as above outlined are suggested. (Consolation No. 593)

Speaking Assignments: "The King of Eternity" and "Abel" LESSON 2

Review: "Gathering Material"

(a) In gathering material, what is the first thing to do? (b)How may one stimulate thought on a given subject? (c)How else may one gather ideas? (d) To what source should one go first to read up on the topic, and why? (e) What other sources yield material sometimes useful? (f) What sources of material will usually supply our needs, and when are other sources used?

Instruction: HOW TO USE BIBLE HELPS

The Bible is a grand history running from creation and the entrance of sin into this earth and down to its elimination and ultimate vindication of Jehovah's name. On that basis the Bible presents, for the most part, events in their chronological order. The Bible is not a book filled with treatises specializing on a particular subject or point of doctrine. It treats these only in running style as they come into and have bearing upon the picture. That is why, to develop a subject, texts must be drawn from widely separated parts of the Bible. What will help to gather these?

First, the marginal references in the Bible itself. These references help collect associated material. For example, the marginal entry of Isaiah 38:19, concerning the instruction of children, refers to Deuteronomy 4:9, which in turn cites Genesis 18:19; Deuteronomy 6:7; Psalm 78:5, 6; Proverbs 22:6; and Ephesians 6:4. Each of these likewise yields additional texts on instruction of children. Also the fulfillment of prophecy may be located from the margin. Isaiah 7:14 foretells a virgin bringing forth a son, Immanuel. The margin points to its fulfillment, Matthew 1:23. The converse is true, the margin at Matthew 1:23 referring back to where it was prophesied, Isaiah 7:14.

Besides these marginal references, most Bibles have a small concordance. It is helpful in locating scriptures where a particular word occurs. You may have in mind the text. You do not know it all by memory or recall its location in the Bible. Look up in the concordance a key word of the text, and thus locate the scripture. Looking up this and other key words of the text will also yield many other associated scriptures.

Another Bible study help from which much information may be obtained is the Bible dictionary. Bible dictionaries brought forth in former years, such as Smith's, stick faithfully to the Bible. However, more recent dictionaries, based largely on Smith's, lean more to higher criticism, to modernism and to evolution, and in collecting material from such this must be eliminated. These Bible dictionaries are quite good when they treat the matter objectively, but when they enter the field of interpretation they are likely to lead one astray. For determining the meaning of names of persons and places, and for other like information, they render much valuable assistance.

In the preparation of the Bible study helps issued by the Watchtower all these and other aids to Bible study have been used so the best Bible helps available today are the Watchtower publications. Look up your subject in the indexes of the books and the tables of contents of the booklets. In addition to finding further scriptures relating to your topic, you will learn the present-day physical facts in fulfillment of the prophecy. Thus you put to work sundry Bible study helps in accumulating information on a given subject. (Consolation No. 591)

Speaking Assignments: "Hell" and "Enoch"

LESSON 3

Review: "How to Use Bible Helps"

(a) How does the Bible present information that makes Bible helps essential? (b) Give illustrations showing the different ways marginal references can be used to gather material. (c) Show how the concordance in the back of your Bible helps assemble scriptures on "commission to preach". (d) When are Bible dictionaries reliable, and when unreliable? Give examples. (e) Identify the best Bible helps, and show how information can be easily gathered from them.

Instruction: USE OF WATCHTOWER BIBLE HELPS

Instruction has been presented on the use of different Bible helps, such as Bible dictionaries, concordances, etc. Their value in study is unquestionable.

But they are not in themselves authorities in things pertaining to God's purposes. They do not agree among themselves at all times, as evidenced by the many different translations of the Bible in any one language. In order to get the real benefit from them one must have the mind of the Lord and know His revealed purposes, measuring every definition, description and theory they advance as to agreement with the known purposes of Jehovah. If they do not conform to that standard, reject them. - Isa. 8:20.

The Scriptures clearly establish that at his second coming the Lord would have a "faithful and wise servant" whose work would be that of feeding the household of faith. (Matt. 24:45-47) That servant, under the Lord's direction, has prepared the necessary food or instruction for the Lord's people. This is contained in the Watchtower publications, each one of which is dedicated to the glory of the Most High God. Jehovah alone is acknowledged as the source of all material brought forth.

These books, booklets and magazines cover every important subject in the Bible. When one has a topic to look up or a talk to prepare, the first step is to get the mind of the Lord on that subject. Such understanding may be obtained through the Society's publications. Then, after establishing this foundation, one is in position to expand and investigate the matter further in Bible dictionaries, concordances and various Bible translations. One knows the proper Scriptural presentation of the subject; if the information given in these various other sources does not conform thereto it should be rejected.

To help in locating the desired information in the Society's publications the following provisions are made: The December 15 Watchtower of each year, prior to 1942, summarizes the contents of the magazines for the entire year. The December 15, 1942, issue has an invaluable scripture and subject index to the year's articles. All the books, except The Harp of God, have a subject index. In addition to this, The New World contains a scripture index. The booklets have each a table of contents. By using these provided features it is quite easy to trace through practically any Scriptural subject in the Watchtower publications.

It is submitted, therefore, that the most profitable Bible helps available to the people today are those furnished by the Watchtower Society, because it has used all other Bible helps in their preparation, its helps have been prepared since the Lord's coming to the temple and the revelations of Jehovah's purposes in this "time of the end" when increased knowledge was promised (Dan. 12:4), and the Society has been and is being used as a channel for disseminating such truths from the great Teachers, Jehovah and Christ Jesus, to the peoples of earth who desire life. (Consolation No.595)

Speaking Assignments: "The Anointed King" and "Noah"

LESSON 4

Review: "Use of Watchtower Bible Helps"

(a) What provision has the Lord made for the instruction of his people? (b) Where should one first begin to read on a given topic, and why? (c) How should information contained in other Bible helps be tested, and when be used? (d) Show how you would proceed to gather material from the Watchtower Bible helps on the subject of "new heavens". (e) Why are the Watchtower Bible helps the best available today?

Instruction: NEED OF AN OUTLINE

When knowledge has been gained on a Scriptural subject by means of study and the use of Bible helps, it should be used to the Lord's honor. Put it in presentable form, so that it may be of service at studies and back-calls. Occasion may arise requiring you to present it in the form of a talk. If so, how may such material be arranged in a logical, orderly sequence, so that it may be given to best advantage?

The purpose in speaking is to convey thought. The reason for making a speech on a certain topic is to convey one main thought or theme. You have a number of points to present, but they will all be for one purpose: to develop the subject yon are speaking about. Some points are more vital to your presentation than others. Therefore devote more time to them; arrange all points in logical order, so there will be a continuous flow of thought, with no gaps for your listeners to jump.

Such proper emphasis and continuity can best be realized by constructing an outline which will provide you with a definite program or blueprint to follow in the development of your material and its orderly and effective presentation.

There are three parts to every talk: the introduction; the body, which is your main argument; and the conclusion. Prepare the body first. You have already collected your material. Now select from it the main points; arrange under those points as supporting evidence all other material. Doubtless you will have more than required; so eliminate the nonessentials. Use the very best; throw out everything that does not contribute to the development of the theme. After arranging these main points and their supporting items in the order you wish to present them, the body outline is complete. Knowing now what you propose to introduce, prepare the introduction. It should be of a general rather than a detailed nature, and such as will be readily accepted as truth by your hearers. From the general lead them into the burden or body of your speech, with its detailed arguments and proofs. Oftentimes questions in the introduction will arouse the interest of your audience, thereby creating an attitude of mental expectancy and alertness that they may catch the answers as the talk progresses. Introductions should be brief.

In the conclusion, summarize the points made, showing that they have been properly handled. The conclusion impresses points already made and rounds out your presentation and brings it to a satisfactory ending. Having done this, quit. Your original purpose in speaking has been accomplished. Do not weaken the entire effect of the talk with rambling afterthoughts. By applying such instruction to the Theocratic service, a more effective testimony will be given. You will not fight as one who 'beats the air', but with telling force and to Jehovah's glory wield "the sword of the spirit, which is the word of God". (Consolation Nos. 591 and 592)

Speaking Assignments: "The New Heavens" and "Abraham" COURSE IN THEOCRATIC MINISTRY

LESSON 5

Review: "Need of an Outline"

(a) What is accomplished by the construction of an outline for a talk? (b) What are the three parts to a talk, and how should each be prepared? (c) How will the use of outlining aid the Theocratic minister? (d) From the secondary articles in the back of The Watchtower, give examples illustrating the use of introduction, body, and conclusion.

From the outline the talk itself must be made. The construction of a talk may be compared to that of a building. The outline corresponds to the plans; and while a good outline is a long step in the direction of making up the discourse, it is no more the finished product than the plan is the completed building.

As a house may be of a variety of types of architecture, so a talk may assume various forms. There are four basic forms.

First, one may follow the method so frequently employed in the Bible itself, that of simple narration. This consists simply of relating what has actually happened, in the order in which it has occurred. It may include a prediction of what the future will bring, which one is able to express upon authority of Bible prophecies. Narration requires no argument. Talks composed in this manner may be interesting, but they lack persuasion and conviction. The narrating of field experiences might be enthusing to Jehovah's witnesses, but alone they would lack force and power to convince others concerning the Theocratic message. They might be used to advantage to illustrate a point of argument.

Description is another mode of construction. It deals with things and persons rather than events, although it may include description of the manner in which things happen.

Still another means of conveying information is by exposition, dealing with matters that are not apparent on the surface. It has to do with whys and wherefores,the reason for things,their construction, and the way they work. By this method one might explain the causes of world distress, but such statements would carry little weight unless accompanied by proofs, which involves the fourth form of construction argumentation.

Argument arises from the many misrepresentations foisted upon the people concerning Jehovah's witnesses. Hence, when presenting the gospel of the Kingdom there are obstacles to be overcome, obstacles that hinder for a time the acceptance of that which appears to the publisher so reasonable. One must endeavor to make the Truth as convincing to others as it is to oneself. Argumentation must be used. A contention must be supported by acceptable proofs. The Bible, primarily, is the source of proofs. Quotations from other generally recognized authorities sometimes render assistance. Oftentimes it is advisable to quote from writings that set forth the contrary view, such as The Faith of Our Fathers, by Cardinal Gibbons. In that way an opponent's contention is fairly presented and any charges of misrepresentation are spiked. Then proceed to refute such arguments as are presented in these authoritative writings of your opponent.

A talk, then, may be patterned along one of these four lines of construction, or, more often, a combination of such forms. However, argumentation will undoubtedly predominate in presenting "this gospel of the kingdom". (Consolation No. 592)

Speaking Assignments: "The New Earth" and "Melchizedek"

LESSON 6

Review: "Construction of a Talk"

(a) What are the four basic kinds of construction used in preparing talks? (b) Define each one and show its uses. (c) What sources of material may be useful in constructing argument? (d) From the Society's publications or the Bible, give examples of each of these four forms of construction.

Instruction: DELIVERY OF A TALK

Proper delivery of a prepared speech is essential, and will add much to its effectiveness. There are three methods of conveying thought in delivering a speech. Two are supplementary, which are gestures and facial expression, and the third and most important is the oral means of expression.

Gestures can be very effective if used sparingly and at the right place. Some may be able to use their face, eyes, and to some extent their body, but it should be. done with care. A gesture can emphasize a thought and be most effective at times, but loses force when it is used too often and becomes a distracting mannerism. Gestures should never be studied. They should be natural, spontaneous and unaffected.

One should enunciate clearly, pronounce correctly, and place not only emphasis on the right word but also the proper degree of emphasis. Pitch and inflection of the voice should be varied, avoiding a monotone, and volume of speech should change.

The keynote should be simplicity, sincerity, and clearness of utterance. Never try to imitate any man, particularly the clergy. They lack knowledge, sincerity, and conviction. To cover up these deficiencies they resort to showy oratory, which is vain and displeasing to God. It is an exhibition of the speaker, not of the subject.

These general points concerning delivery are mentioned and may prove helpful, but the most important requisite for speaking is already possessed by all of Jehovah's witnesses, namely, a deep and unshakable conviction of the importance of the message they declare. The enthusiasm, warmth and unquestionable sincerity with which they speak does more than anything else to make a talk persuasive. Their heart is in it. "For of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaketh." - Luke 6:45.

The apostle Paul was not the most polished speaker so far as impressive delivery was concerned. 2 Corinthians 10:10, according to Weymouth, says: "His personal presence is unimpressive, and as for eloquence, he has none." Paul himself said that he did not come with 'surpassing eloquence'. (1 Corinthians 2:1) He did not strive for that. Yet because of his Scriptural wisdom and spiritual understanding, and because of the earnest conviction and sincerity with which he spoke, King Agrippa accused Paul of trying to persuade him to become a Christian!

So, in delivering the message of the Kingdom, the Lord's people already possess the foremost essential. The other counsel here presented on delivery may be used to assist in good presentation of the subject matter, but never should it be allowed to overshadow the material. It should be so subordinated as to unobtrusively add to, not detract from, the subject. Anything that might focus attention on the speaker rather than the message should be studiously shunned.

By God's grace, this counsel will make all Theocratic publishers better instruments in God's hands to be used in his "strange work". (Consolation No. 593)

Speaking Assignments: "Trinity" and "Lot"

LESSON 7

Review: "Delivery of a Talk"

(a) What are the three methods of conveying thought in delivering a speech? (b) What admonition was given concerning the use of gestures and facial expression? (c) What things must be done relative to oral expression, and why? (d) What should be the keynote in giving a talk? (e) What is the most vital requirement in delivery, and why is it already possessed by Jehovah's witnesses? (f) In delivery what must always be shunned?

There are five methods that may be used in the delivery of a talk. They are as follows: (1) Impromptu speaking, (2) reading the manuscript, (3) speaking from memory, having committed the speech to memory word for word, (4) extempore speaking, and (5) a combination of methods, or mixed method. The impromptu speech is one given without previous preparation for the specific occasion. A person may have much information in his head on a given subject, but not formulated for presentation in the form of a speech. If an unforeseen occasion arises that requires him to present such information in speech form, he must do so impromptu. No one should rely on the impromptu method unless necessity compels its use, as is often the case at back-calls or door-to-door witnessing or in the courts. Reading a speech from manuscript is done on certain occasions.

If the subject is rather involved and accuracy of statement is of prime importance, if the speech is to be later published or quoted from, it might well be read. The occasion will often make it advisable to read the copy, as at conventions, for example. Disadvantages are that most read speeches sound mechanical. It detracts from their interest. Contact between the speaker and his audience is lost, the conversational quality vanishes, and the speaker cannot look at his hearers. It is impossible to attain the directness in reading that is possible when speaking and looking at the audience. The paper is a barrier between speaker and listeners. Only the most skilled reader can hold interest. Therefore, unless the occasion demands it, do not read talks.

Memorizing talks for delivery dispenses with the manuscript necessary in reading, but still does not gain directness. The speaker sounds strained and unnatural. The voice is mechanical, uttering only words, not thoughts. He recites. Oral emphasis is either lacking or affected. Sincerity seems to be lacking. The speaker is not speaking "out of the abundance of his heart". And if he forgets a phrase or sentence, it may throw all his thoughts into confusion and thus end the talk right there. Even if this method were advisable, it is too laborious and takes too much time and energy to justify its use.

An extemporaneous speech is one that is carefully prepared as to points to be covered, the order of their presentation, and the detailed proofs to be used in support thereof. The extempore speaker talks from a prepared outline, either before him in writing or firmly fixed in his mind, and this method enables him to look at and speak directly to his audience. His head is filled with thoughts in orderly arrangement, not a flood of words, as is the case with those who memorize completely. Extempore speaking is the best method for general use.

The mixed method uses two or more of the above methods. It might be well to memorize the opening or closing sentences, scriptures might be read, thoughts of the moment might be introduced impromptu-like, whereas the general method might be extempore.

Speaking Assignments: "Everything for the Issue" and "Job" LESSON 8

Review: "Methods of Delivering a Talk"

(a) What are the five methods of delivering a talk? (b) Describe each, and give its advantages and disadvantages. (c) Under what circumstances would each of these methods be used in delivering a talk?

Instruction: EXTEMPORE SPEAKING

Extempore speaking involves thorough preparation of the material to be presented and the order of presentation, but it is delivered from an outline only. The words and phraseology into which this prepared material is put in speaking are extemporaneous, unprepared. The method has many advantages.

Theocratic ministers will find this method most useful in presenting the gospel of the Kingdom. It insures thorough preparation, which should always be present, yet it does not tie one down to a rigid, inflexible arrangement as does reading or memorizing. This method should be followed in presenting information at back-calls or before courts and boards. In such instances interrupting questions and objections will arise; and they must be answered. When this has been briefly done, the witness can immediately proceed with his outlined talk, continuing on from the point of its interruption. It is flexible, to meet such emergencies.

Its delivery does not sound "cut and dried". Only thoughts or ideas are memorized in a mental outline, not words. One may even use a written outline as a reminder. The mind is not tied down with remembering words or following a manuscript. The mind is free for mental activity and alertness. The person speaks sincerely, convincingly, "from the heart." This increased mental activity may give birth to a new and apropos idea. Use it. Preparation of material is cold; presentation to an audience warms it up, and new ideas result.

The speech, not being cast in a rigid, unchangeable die, may be adapted to the occasion or the audience, or to the presence of an unexpected element in the audience. Theocratic tact that may be required for the unforeseen condition may be used without disrupting the entire speech. An advantage of vital importance that is gained by use of the extempore method is the personal contact permitted between the speaker and the audience.

He is conversing with them, not reading or reciting parrotlike. He notes the reactions of the audience and can alter his verbal attack to meet the current needs, as thereby shown. A vital point may not have been grasped by his hearers. Noting this, he can elaborate and clarify where necessary.

This method has some disadvantages. Guard against the following: Some make the mistake of insufficient preparation. They feel that the jotting down of a few main heads is adequate. It is not. The material should be fully developed in every detail just as thoroughly as if it were to be written. Often extemporaneous talks are written out; but they are delivered from an outline. Follow this method. Insufficient preparation means you will wander. Another word of caution: Watch the time allotted to you. Carried away by your interest in the subject, you may dwell too long on certain points and your time slips by before you are through. Make note of the time to be devoted to each main point; try to stay within that limit. Do not exceed the time allotted to you.

Speaking Assignments: "Resurrection" and "Isaac"

LESSON 9

Review: "Extempore Speaking"

(a) What is involved in extemporaneous speaking, and in what respect is it extemporaneous? (b) What are the many advantages of this method of delivery over other methods? (e) Give instances in which this method of speaking would be of particular advantage, (d) What should be guarded against in its use?

Instruction: HOW TO USE CONCORDANCES

Under the subject "How to Use Bible Helps" the value of the concordance as an aid to memory to locate a particular text was discussed. Now two other uses will be considered: to determine the Scriptural presentation on a subject, with which presentation one has not heretofore been acquainted; and comparative Bible study, especially on points of controversy. A person has a Bible in his home and knows it contains prophecies.

Wars are raging in the earth, and he wishes to examine the Bible prophecies concerning war, but does not know where to look. He goes to a concordance and looks up the word "war". He finds that the Lord is "a man of war", that there was war in heaven when Satan was ousted, and that now Satan wars against Christ's followers on earth. He learns that Christians do not "war after the flesh", and that the time is coming when none shall "learn war any more". He looks up "warfare" and sees that the weapons with which Christians fight are not carnal. Under "wars" it is seen that the last days would be marked by wars arid rumors of war, and he recognizes therein the present time. Then he rejoices to learn that Jehovah will 'make wars to cease'. Thus the subject "war" is Scripturally expounded. As an aid to comparative study of Bible texts to get at the harmony of teaching of the Scriptures on any one subject, the concordance is invaluable. By its use one may determine for himself which side of a controversy is the Scriptural one.

The practice of the Roman Catholic Hierarchy shows they do not believe in justification by faith. To find out what the Bible says in completeness upon justification the honest searcher looks up in the concordance all occurrences of the word "justification", and the root word and forms thereof, such as "justify", "justified," "justifier," "justifieth," "justifying." The concordance, if an exhaustive one, enables the searcher to locate every text thereon and to bring all such texts together for comparison. Thus he learns that the believer is justified by God's grace, justified by faith, justified by Christ's blood, and justified also by works consistent with and in manifestation of his faith. If any of the texts seem to contradict one another, he can read the context or surrounding verses and then study the texts in relation with one another and thereby come to the inner agreement existing among all these scriptures. The apparent contradiction shows him there is not a narrow meaning to "justification", but that there are other factors entering into the matter of justification besides the individual's mere faith or acceptance of a fact as true, and that all these several factors are in agreement with one another. Thus he gets the full, rounded-out and complete. teaching of the Bible on "justification", and not the narrow, incomplete, sectarian view of any denomination on the subject.

In like manner other controversial beliefs concerning the Scriptures, such as the grave, hell, the earth in God's purposes, etc., may be studiously examined by means of the concordance, and a proper and harmonious understanding reached. (Consolation No. 602)

Speaking Assignments: "Where Are the Dead?" and "Jacob"

LESSON 10

Review: "How to Use Concordances"

(a) What two uses of concordances were particularly considered? (b) Illustrate the use of the concordance in gathering information on "Zion". (c) Show how the concordance can be used in comparative Bible study to clear up the controversial "immortal soul" doctrine of religionists.

Instruction: NEW WORLD THEOCRATIC CONCORDANCE (1)

The heading under which this subject is shown in the new Bible is, "Concordance of Bible Words and Expressions." It is a concordance of the principal words in the Bible, showing where in the Bible they may be found. This concordance, tied in as it is with, and being a part of, the Watchtower edition of the Bible, the "sword of the spirit", is arranged for the hand-tohand fighting which the Lord's people encounter in the front-line trenches. It is so arranged that it can be taken into the field and on back-calls for use at a moment's notice. If this concordance is properly understood and used it will help to meet all emergencies with the point of the "sword", either in the offensive or in the defensive, by enabling one to locate the texts pertaining to the issue involved.

How may one most effectively use the concordance for this purpose? First, only principal words are listed. Some texts are given containing the word and its immediate context, enabling the searcher to determine instantly if that is the text he has in mind, without referring to the body of the Bible to check further. Other texts containing the word are shown by the Bible book, chapter and verse, without any context. In such cases the student must look up the scripture in the Bible itself to determine if that is the one he is seeking.

So through the list of references given till the desired text is located. This is necessarily slower than when some of the immediate context is given; but, since it is necessary to have this concordance compact and always available for immediate use, it is impossible to always give the context.

What words are considered as principal words,words that we may reasonably expect to find in this Theocratic concordance? This is important to determine, so that time will not be wasted trying to locate a text by words that do not appear in the concordance. While this loss of time cannot always be avoided, it may be greatly minimized.

There is no inflexible rule that can be followed, but a suggestion is here offered: Keep in mind always that this is a "new world" Theocratic concordance. That is your measuring rod. The principal words shown in the concordance are not determined by their usage by religionists, nor are the principal words determined because of their relationship to "character development" or creature exaltation. The principal words are determined by their relationship to the New World Theocracy, their relationship to Jehovah; words that have to do with Jehovah, the things He will accomplish, His purposes, His judgments against the enemy or His blessings for His people. Therefore, in determining principal words, keep this point in mind: The principal words are those specially relating to the great Theocrat, his King, or his Kingdom. Keeping this in mind, you will not have great difficulty in finding the word you seek in the New World Theocratic concordance. (Consolation Nos. 602 and 608)

Speaking Assignments: "The Earth In God's Purpose" and "Joseph"

LESSON 11

Review: "New World Theocratic Concordance (1)"

(a) For what use is the New World Theocratic concordance specially designed? (b) What words are listed, and how are the texts following each word arranged? (c) What determines a "principal" word?

(d) Give examples of locating oft-used texts by wise choice of their "principal" words.

Instruction: NEW WORLD THEOCRATIC CONCORDANCE (2)

In selecting the scriptures to be listed in this concordance the endeavor was to show the comparative usages of the word, where such exist. For example, "earth." Under that word Ecclesiastes 1:4, "the earth abideth for ever," is cited. That refers to the literal mundane sphere. Isaiah 65:17, "I create new heavens and a new earth," shows its usage as the rule by the princes under Theocracy. Isaiah 60:2 is listed: "darkness shall cover the earth." Here the reference to "earth" is to the present rule of imperfect men under demon influence. Or, take the word "wine". The concordance lists Judges 9:13, Jeremiah 25:15, Joel 3:18, 1 Timothy 5:23, and Revelation 18:3. In each of these texts the word "wine" is used in a different sense, sometimes the literal, in others to symbolize different things. While not all texts containing the word "wine" appear in the concordance, those showing its different usages are listed. This feature was given consideration throughout the concordance when it was in preparation, and will be of use to the student and publisher alike. At back-calls, for example, it is often necessary to show the literal and symbolic uses of the same word to properly understand and harmonize various Bible texts. This can be readily done through this Theocratic concordance. Listed also in the concordance are some Biblical phrases often used by Theocratic ministers. Many scriptures might contain one of the several words of the phrase, but few would use the entire phrase. This greatly narrows the field of texts to be checked and facilitates finding these oftenused expressions. Some of them are: "Appeal unto Caesar," "body of Christ," "king of the north," "kingdom of God," "principal of the flock," "second death," and "thousand years".

Then, too, there is a special Theocratic feature of showing such words as "Theocracy", "Vindicator," and "vindication". While these words do not occur in the text of the King James version Bible, this concordance cites other translations that do use them, or shows texts where the original root words are used and from which the word listed in the concordance is drawn.

Thus the concordance may be properly called a "new world" Theocratic concordance.

In addition to the above uses, this concordance can serve as source material for many sermons. A glance at the texts partially written out under a certain word will immediately bring to mind much material that can be presented at once, without spending time in advance preparation. For instance, a glance at texts quoted under such words as war, soul, sacrifice, resurrection, immortality, etc., will be sufficient to give a logical discussion on any one of these subjects without previous preparation. A thorough and comprehensive discourse could be given on "hell". Thus the concordance is of value in hand-to-hand fighting on the battlefront, the territory for field service. (Consolation Nos. 602 and 608)

Speaking Assignments: "Creation of the New World" and "Moses"

LESSON 12

Review: "New World Theocratic Concordance (2)"

(a) How are the comparative usages of a given principal word shown in the New World concordance? and how is this feature of value? (b) Give, from the concordance, an example illustrating this feature. (c) Give examples of the use of phrases in the concordance which save time. (d) What is an exclusively Theocratic feature of the concordance? (e) Illustrate its usefulness in giving a thorough discussion on a given subject without advance preparation.

Instruction: THE INTRODUCTION OF A TALK

A properly planned talk has three parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. Each one of these divisions has many different ways of being developed; and a knowledge of such methods of arrangement will add variety and color to the subject matter. The introduction should be of a general nature, containing material that will be readily accepted by the audience, and should leave new ideas for the body of the talk.

The introduction should 'prepare the way' for what is to follow, so that points made in the body of the talk will not 'fall upon stony ground'; by it interest is aroused and the audience's attention is fixed upon the subject under consideration. It should disclose, and clarify if necessary, the subject and the central theme or issue involved. Otherwise the audience have nothing to which they can tie the various arguments of the speech. It may seem to have no point.

Following are some of the ways of forming the introduction: First, historical; which is merely giving the historical background of the subject under consideration and which furnishes the basis for the talk. Another method is the use of some general principle or familiar quotation or proverb which the audience knows and will not dispute, and this, of course, must sound the keynote of the speech.

Then there is the use of illustration, to relate some example or incident that shows the appropriateness, need or timeliness of considering the subject on this particular occasion.

Another method is the partitioning of the talk in the introduction. State the subject up for consideration and then partition or divide the subject matter into its various phases or aspects, each one of which will be dealt with in the body. Thus the audience will know what to expect and look for. In the introduction one might create curiosity by laying down a barrage of questions, good, pointed ones that will arouse the listeners' interest and make them alert to catch the answers as the talk unfolds. Another means of stirring interest at the outset is to confront the audience with a problem, one that is of personal interest to them, and then in the body of the talk proceed with the logical solution.

One last suggestion: When stating at the beginning the proposition to be proved in the body of the talk, it is not advisable to do so dogmatically. It may be stated, and should be stated, with surety and conviction at the conclusion after it has been proved, but not at the start, as this might arouse antagonism and close the minds of your listeners. If the introduction has been well planned, after its delivery the audience will know exactly what to expect and will keenly anticipate the presentation of the body of the talk.

They have been prepared for it, and the speaker enjoys their undivided attention. The creation of this attitude of mental expectancy is the purpose of an introduction. (Consolation No. 603)

Speaking Assignments: "Images" and "Aaron"

LESSON 13

Review: "The Introduction of a Talk"

(a) What is the purpose of the introduction of a talk? (b) What are some of the different ways of forming an introduction? (c) What should be avoided in the introduction? (d) Give an example of each of the various types of introduction, either from the Bible or from any of the Society's publications, or as it might be used to introduce a timely topic in the witness work.

Instruction: DEVELOPING THE BODY OF A TALK (1)

Material for the body of the speech has been gathered, but it is all in disorder. Now it is necessary to determine how these main points with their supporting proofs are to be arranged, which one should come first in presentation, which one second, etc. This will depend on different factors. Generally, speeches are of four kinds: to interest or entertain; to inform or instruct; to convince; and to stimulate to action. Those made by ministers of the gospel not only should give information but should also be convincing, and finally stimulating the hearers into acting upon those things in which they have been instructed, to be "doers of the word". These last two types of talks, convincing and stimulating, are the most difficult, and hence there is greater need for proper arrangement of points in outlining them than in any others.

Upon such arrangement will depend the quickness of learning and the length of time the material will be remembered. Carefully analyze all material and if at all possible show a definite relationship between the main points. Related thoughts will "stick" in the hearers' minds, whereas unrelated ideas or dissociated points soon slip. There are several methods of arrangement, and three different factors determining the method or combination of methods to use.

They are the subject, the type of audience, and the purpose of the speech. Following are four methods of arrangement:

The chronological method, or arrangement according to time. It is the relating of events in the order in which they take place. Everyone is familiar with this method, as it is often used. It is a method easily recognized and followed and remembered by the audience, and should be used where the time element exists.

Division into classes or natural groups. For example, if one is discussing the peoples of the earth the subject material might be divided into two divisions, "sheep" and "goats".

That of logic. This is the hardest and the one most often needed by Jehovah's Kingdom publishers. It involves the process of argumentation and reasoning, proving each point as one progresses step by step in the argument until the climax is reached. Care must be exercised to make each point clear to the audience; for if they miss one step in the argument the speaker is the only one who will reach the climax: the audience will have fallen out by the way. In this method one would state a point and say, 'This is true for such and such a reason,' and show the reasons, and would proceed step by step in like manner, building up to the climax of the argument.

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